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Brisbane Airport

Coordinates: 27°23′00″S 153°07′06″E / 27.38333°S 153.11833°E / -27.38333; 153.11833
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For the suburb of the same name where this airport is situated, see Brisbane Airport (suburb). For the airport formerly known as Brisbane West Wellcamp Airport, see Toowoomba Wellcamp Airport.

Brisbane Airport
Brisbane Airport in 2016, with the New Parallel Runway (01L/19R) still under construction
Summary
Airport typePublic
Owner/OperatorBAC Holdings Pty Ltd
ServesSouth East Queensland
LocationBrisbane Airport, Queensland, Australia
Opened19 March 1988; 36 years ago (1988-03-19)
Hub for
Operating base for
Elevation AMSL1 ft / 0 m
Coordinates27°23′00″S 153°07′06″E / 27.38333°S 153.11833°E / -27.38333; 153.11833
Websitewww.bne.com.au
Maps
Map
BNE/YBBN is located in Brisbane
BNE/YBBN
BNE/YBBN
BNE/YBBN is located in Queensland
BNE/YBBN
BNE/YBBN
BNE/YBBN is located in Australia
BNE/YBBN
BNE/YBBN
BNE/YBBN is located in Oceania
BNE/YBBN
BNE/YBBN
Map
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
01L/19R 3,300 10,827 Asphalt
01R/19L 3,560 11,680 Asphalt
Statistics (2017)
Passengers23.2 million[1]
Aircraft movements (2019)215,930[1]
Economic impact (2012)$7.3 billion[2]
Social impact (2012)50.7 thousand[2]

Brisbane Airport (IATA: BNE, ICAO: YBBN) is an international airport serving Brisbane, the capital of the Australian state of Queensland. The airport services 31 airlines flying to 50 domestic and 29 international destinations, total amounting to more than 22.7 million passengers who travelled through the airport in 2016. In 2016, an OAG report named Brisbane airport as the fifth-best performing large-sized airport in the world for on-time performance with 87% of arrivals and departures occurring within 15 minutes of their scheduled times,[6] slipping from 88.31% the year before.[7] It covers an area of 2,700 hectares (6,700 acres), making the airport the largest in land area in all of Australia.[8]

Brisbane Airport is the primary hub for Virgin Australia, a major hub for Qantas, and a secondary hub for Qantas' low cost subsidiary Jetstar. Brisbane has the third highest number of domestic connections in Australia following Sydney and Melbourne. It is also home to Qantas' Airbus A330 and Boeing 737 heavy maintenance facilities.[9][10] Virgin Australia has a smaller maintenance facility at the airport, where line-maintenance on the airline's 737 fleet is performed.[11] Alliance Airlines and QantasLink also conduct maintenance at the airport.[12][13] The airport has international and domestic passenger terminals, a cargo terminal, a general aviation terminal and apron as well as two runways. JetGo also operated from Brisbane Airport until its demise in 2018.

The Royal Flying Doctor Service has one of its nine Queensland bases at Brisbane Airport.[14]

History

[edit]

Eagle Farm Airport

[edit]
Main article: Eagle Farm Airport

Brisbane's first airport was Eagle Farm Airport that was built in 1925 on former agricultural land in the suburb of Eagle Farm located 6 km (3.7 mi) north-east of the Brisbane central business district, 5 km (3.1 mi) south-west of Brisbane Airport's Domestic Terminal.[15] Although Qantas started operations there in 1926, most of the flights in Brisbane operated at the Archerfield Airport, which contained a superior landing surface. While in operation, Charles Kingsford Smith landed at Eagle Farm on 9 June 1928, after completing the first trans-pacific flight in his Fokker F.VII, the Southern Cross.[16] There is now a museum containing the original aircraft, along with a memorial located within the Brisbane Airport precinct.

During World War II, Brisbane was the headquarters of the Supreme Commander of Allied forces in the South West Pacific Area, General Douglas MacArthur. The United States Armed Forces upgraded the airfield (Eagle Farm Airport) to cater for military flights, bringing it to such a standard that it became the main civilian airport for the city.[15]

By the 1960s, the facilities at Eagle Farm Airport were inadequate for a city of Brisbane's size and anticipated growth. Many long-haul international services to Asia were required to make an en route stop (e.g., at Darwin), disadvantaging the city to lure prospective carriers and business opportunities.[citation needed]

Some of the infrastructure at Eagle Farm Airport was incorporated into today's Brisbane Airport. For example, the north-east end of the main runway (04/22) survives as taxiway Papa of the present airport, while the Eagle Farm international terminal is now the Brisbane Airport cargo terminal. The final flight from the Eagle Farm Airport departed on 20 March 1988.[17]

1988 opening

[edit]

The Federal Government announced the construction of Brisbane Airport to be built immediately north east of Eagle Farm Airport. Construction commenced in June 1980. The new airport was built by Leighton Contractors at a cost of $400 million and opened on 19 March 1988, with a new domestic terminal and two runways.[18][19] The opening was hosted by Prime Minister Bob Hawke. The new airport was built on the former Brisbane residential suburb of Cribb Island that was demolished to make way for the airport. Large amounts of sand were pumped from nearby Moreton Bay to raise the swamp land above the tidal range.

The 1988 facilities included: a domestic terminal; state-of-the-art maintenance facilities; freight apron at the existing passenger terminal; two runways (3,500 m (11,483 ft) and 1,700 m (5,577 ft) [20]) with parallel taxiway systems (cater for Code F+ aircraft); access roads; parking facilities and a 75 m (246 ft) tall air traffic control tower.

In September 1995, the international terminal was inaugurated by Prime Minister Paul Keating, and it has been expanded since that time.[21]

Privatisation

[edit]

In 1997, as part of the privatisation of numerous Australian airports, the airport was acquired for $1.4 billion from the Federal Airports Corporation by Brisbane Airport Corporation (BAC) under a 50-year lease (with an option to renew for a further 49 years). The original BAC shareholders were Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, Brisbane City Council, Commonwealth Bank and Port of Brisbane Corporation.[22][23] Since that time, BAC has assumed ultimate responsibility for the operations of Brisbane Airport including all airport infrastructure investment with no government funding. As at January 2024, the major shareholders were Queensland Investment Corporation (29%), Igneo Infrastructure Partners (27%), Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (20%) and IFM Investors (20%).[24] Brisbane Airport is categorised as a Leased Federal Airport.[25]

New parallel runway

[edit]
The painting of 01L on the new Brisbane Airport parallel runway

On 18 September 2007, the federal government granted approval for the construction of a new parallel runway. The proposed $1.3 billion, 3,300 m (10,800 ft) runway was expected to take approximately eight years to construct and was constructed on swamp land 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) west of the existing terminal area and parallel to the existing main runway.[26] The long construction period was due to the settling period of the 13,000,000 cubic metres (459,090,667 cu ft) of sand fill dredged from Moreton Bay. In early December 2014 the delivery of 11,000,000 cubic metres (388,461,334 cu ft) of sand to the site was completed.[27] In 2019, asphalting of the second runway had begun and was completed by late 2019, while mid February 2020 saw the start of the line-marking of the runway. The runway was completed on 30 April 2020 after over eight years of construction at a cost of over $1 billion. It opened officially on 12 July 2020 with a Virgin Australia flight to Cairns being the first to take off from the new runway.

On 30 March 2020, runway 14/32 was decommissioned early as part of Brisbane's new runway 'Operational Readiness & Testing' phase so that the newly decommissioned cross runway could be used for aircraft parking.[28]

In May 2020, construction of a new runway was completed.[29] Its first flight was operated by Virgin Australia, flight VA781 to Cairns, on 12 July 2020.[30]

Terminals

[edit]

Brisbane Airport has two passenger terminals.

International terminal

[edit]

The international terminal was built in 1995 and has 14 bays with aerobridges, four of these are capable of handling A380s. There are also four layover bays.[31] The terminal has four levels: level 1 houses most airline offices and baggage handlers, level 2 handles arrivals, level 3 houses the departure lounge (airside) and other offices (landside), and level 4 houses departure check-in.

The airport contains an Emirates lounge, the first outside Dubai that has direct access to the A380 aerobridges, and also has Air New Zealand, Qantas, Singapore Airlines, Aspire and Plaza Premium lounges.

There is also a five-storey long term carpark and a smaller short term carpark in close proximity to the terminal.[32]

The international terminal redevelopment began in February 2014. The $45 million redevelopment is designed by Brisbane architectural practices Richards and Spence and Arkhefield. Queensland artists, Sebastian Moody and Mirdidingkingathi Juwarnda Sally Gabori, were commissioned for the artworks.[33][34]

  • The front of the Brisbane International terminal
    The front of the Brisbane International terminal
  • International terminal departures level
    International terminal departures level
  • International Terminal arrivals level
    International Terminal arrivals level

Domestic terminal

[edit]

Brisbane Airport's domestic terminal is a two-storey curved building with three complete satellite arms extending beyond the building providing additional passenger lounge and gate facilities for airlines.

The domestic terminal has three distinct areas serving Qantas and QantasLink at the northern end of the building and Virgin Australia at the southern end of the building with other carriers such as Jetstar located in the central area of the terminal.

The Qantas concourse has nine bays served by aerobridges including one served by a dual bridge. It has three lounges – The Qantas Club, Business Class and Chairman's Lounge. Virgin Australia occupies what was the former Ansett Australia end of the terminal. Its concourse has 11 parking bays, nine of which are served by aerobridges including two served by a dual bridge. It has two lounges – the Virgin Australia Lounge which is located in the former Golden Wing Club opposite Gate 41 and the Beyond Lounge.

Remote bays are located to the north and south of the building (serving non-jet aircraft), and in the central area (serving jet aircraft).

On 27 February 2014, Qantas announced it had disposed of its long-term lease (signed in 1987) at the domestic terminal which was due to expire on 30 December 2018. Under the new arrangements, Qantas retains exclusive use and operational control over much of the northern end of the terminal until the end of 2018 while securing rights to key infrastructure beyond this period.[35]

In addition, BAC plans to make a significant investment in upgrading and improving facilities and services within the terminal, such as lounges and will assume control of the retail space of this part of the terminal.

  • Front of the domestic terminal
    Front of the domestic terminal
  • Brisbane Airport domestic terminal interior
    Brisbane Airport domestic terminal interior

AVCAIR FBO & VIP Lounge and Brisbane Jet Base

[edit]

Brisbane has two FBO Lounge and Operation Facilities, located on the North Apron (Brisbane Jet Base) and South Logistics Apron (AVCAIR FBO) of Brisbane Airport. The AVCAIR facility handles VIP and FIFO (fly-in fly-out) movements including Ad hoc Military, Medical and Charter flights and offers direct airside access for VIP movements.

Airlines and destinations

[edit]

Passenger

[edit]
AirlinesDestinations
Air Canada Vancouver
Air New Zealand Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington[36][37]
Air Niugini Port Moresby
Aircalin Nouméa
Alliance Airlines Moranbah,[38] Weipa[39]
Charter: Ballera, Cloncurry, Emerald, Mackay, Moomba, Mount Isa, Rockhampton, Roma, Sunshine Coast, The Granites
American Airlines Seasonal: Dallas/Fort Worth[40]
Batik Air Malaysia Denpasar, Kuala Lumpur–International[41]
Cathay Pacific Hong Kong
China Airlines Auckland, Taipei–Taoyuan
China Eastern Airlines Shanghai–Pudong[42]
China Southern Airlines Guangzhou[43]
Delta Air Lines Seasonal: Los Angeles [44][45]
Emirates Dubai–International
EVA Air Taipei–Taoyuan
Fiji Airways Nadi
FlyPelican Charter: Narrabri
Jetstar Adelaide, Auckland,[46] Avalon,[47] Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,[48] Cairns, Canberra,[49] Darwin, Denpasar,[50] Hobart,[51] Launceston, Mackay, Melbourne, Newcastle, Osaka–Kansai,[52] Perth,[53] Proserpine, Seoul–Incheon,[52] Sydney, Tokyo–Narita,[52] Townsville
Seasonal: Ayers Rock
Korean Air Seoul–Incheon[54]
Link Airways Armidale,[55] Biloela/Thangool,[56] Bundaberg,[57] Coffs Harbour,[58] Dubbo,[59] Inverell,[60] Narrabri,[61] Orange,[62] Tamworth,[63] Wollongong[64]
National Jet Express Charter: Emerald[65] Moranbah, Orange,[66] Rockhampton[65]
Nauru Airlines Koror, Majuro,[67][68] Nauru, Pohnpei,[69] Tarawa[70]
Philippine Airlines Manila
Qantas Apia,[71] Auckland, Cairns, Christchurch, Hamilton Island, Koror,[72] Los Angeles, Mackay, Manila,[73] Melbourne, Mount Isa, Norfolk Island,[74] Perth, Port Hedland, Port Moresby, Port Vila,[75] Queenstown, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo–Narita,[76] Townsville, Wellington[77]
Seasonal: Antarctica[a]
QantasLink Adelaide, Albury,[79] Alice Springs, Barcaldine, Blackall, Bundaberg, Cairns, Canberra, Darwin, Emerald, Gladstone, Hervey Bay, Hamilton Island, Hobart, Honiara,[80] Longreach, Mackay, Melbourne,[81] Miles,[82] Moranbah, Mount Isa, Newcastle, Nouméa,[83] Port Macquarie, Proserpine,[84] Rockhampton, Townsville, Wagga Wagga,[85]
Seasonal: Launceston[86]
Charter: Gove
Qatar Airways Doha[87][88]
Rex Airlines Bedourie, Birdsville, Boulia, Charleville, Cunnamulla, Mount Isa, Quilpie, Roma,[89] St George, Thargomindah, Toowoomba, Windorah
Singapore Airlines Singapore
Skytrans Airlines Charter: Chinchilla, Taroom[90]
Solomon Airlines Honiara, Luganville,[91] Munda,[92] Port Vila[91]
United Airlines San Francisco[93]
VietJet Air Ho Chi Minh City[94]
Virgin Australia Adelaide, Alice Springs, Apia,[95] Ayers Rock,[96] Cairns, Canberra, Darwin, Denpasar, Doha (begins 19 June 2025)1,[97] Emerald, Gladstone, Hamilton Island, Hobart, Launceston, Mackay, Melbourne, Mount Isa, Nadi, Newcastle, Perth, Port Vila,[98] Proserpine, Queenstown,[99] Rockhampton, Sydney, Townsville

^1 Virgin Australia's flight to Doha is operated by Qatar Airways through a wet lease agreement

Cargo

[edit]
AirlinesDestinations
Nauru Airlines[100][101] Honiara, Nauru
Qantas Freight[102] Cairns, Melbourne, Townsville
Team Global Express[103][104] Adelaide, Biloela/Thangool, Mackay, Melbourne, Perth, Rockhampton, Sydney, Sydney–Bankstown, Townsville
Virgin Australia Cargo[105] Cairns, Melbourne, Sydney, Townsville

Other tenants

[edit]

There are several operators of emergency medical retrieval and rescue services based at the airport, including LifeFlight Australia, the Royal Flying Doctor Service and AVCAIR.

Ground transport

[edit]

Road

[edit]

Brisbane Airport has four car-parks, all operating 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. There are two multi-level undercover car parks, the international, providing short and long term services, and the domestic also provides long and short term parking. Qantas and Virgin Australia also offer valet parking at the domestic terminal only. Total car spaces number 9,000.

Upgrades

[edit]

In 2009, to help relieve congestion between Brisbane CBD and the airport, the BrisConnections consortium was formed between Queensland Government, Brisbane City Council, and a Thiess/John Holland/Macquarie Bank to build the Airport Link road project. It included the longest tunnel in Australia at the time of construction (over 8 km (5.0 mi); 6 lanes) from the interchange between the Inner City Bypass and Clem Jones Tunnel (the 2nd longest tunnel in Australia when the Airport Link opened) to the Airport Flyover over an improved Southern Cross Way Overpass which leads on to Airport Drive, cutting 16 sets of traffic lights. It was completed in mid-2012.[106]

The Northern Access Road project, completed in December 2009, significantly reduces traffic congestion on Airport Drive. Moreton Drive, the 5 km (3.1 mi), multi-lane road network, linking Gateway Motorway with the airport terminals, provides airport users with a second major access route to terminals and on-airport businesses.[107]

Public transport

[edit]

Rail

[edit]
The Airport line travels direct from each terminal to Brisbane and the Gold Coast.

The airport has two railway stations as part of a privately owned airport rail line. The International Airport railway station is elevated and located next to the international terminal, as is the Domestic Airport railway station. Both stations are privately owned and operated by the Airtrain Citylink consortium. As a result, fares are more expensive than a regular suburban ticket, though less than half the taxi fare. The Airtrain Citylink travels via the Queensland Rail network to Fortitude Valley and the Brisbane CBD, with most trains continuing to the Gold Coast via South Bank.

Bus

[edit]

There is a free inter-terminal bus connecting the two terminals and the nearby Skygate shopping precinct, DFO and adjacent Novotel Brisbane Airport hotel.

From the Skygate shopping precinct, Translink bus route 590 connects to the rest of Brisbane's public transport system.

Cycling and walking

[edit]

Brisbane Airport has cycling and pedestrian connections connecting to the Moreton Bay Bikeway network.[108]

Future development projects

[edit]
New parallel runway under construction with domestic terminal road approaches in foreground

Road infrastructure

[edit]

Brisbane Centre

[edit]

The Brisbane FIR consists of New South Wales north of Sydney, all of Queensland, most of the Northern Territory and the northern half of Western Australia. It also contains the Australian Tasman Sea airspace. Brisbane Centre is located adjacent to Brisbane Tower at Brisbane Airport. It also contains Brisbane Approach.

Due to the nature of the airspace it controls, most international flights in and out of Australia (except Indian Ocean flights) come under the Brisbane FIR's jurisdiction, as well as domestic flights operating to and from airports within the zone. From Brisbane Centre, Airservices Australia manages the airspace over the northern half of Australia, representing 5 per cent of the world's total airspace.[109] As only two of eight capitals are located in the Brisbane FIR, it handles a lesser volume of traffic than Melbourne Centre. However, Sydney is on the border of the two FIRs, and thus Brisbane Centre has control of flights arriving or departing in Sydney from the North.

Traffic and statistics

[edit]

Brisbane Airport's annual passenger numbers were 23.1 million in 2017.[1] This is expected to grow to around 50 million by 2035.[110]

Total annual passengers

[edit]
Annual passenger traffic at BNE airport. See Wikidata query.
Annual passenger statistics for Brisbane Airport[111]
Year Domestic International Total Change
1998 7,438,341 2,251,240 9,689,581 Decrease -0.4%
1999 7,833,436 2,375,767 10,209,203 Increase 5.3%
2000 8,810,670 2,461,378 11,272,048 Increase 12.5%
2001 9,946,073 2,547,720 12,493,793 Increase 12.9%
2002 9,163,520 2,493,082 11,656,602 Decrease -7.9%
2003 10,105,366 2,549,444 12,654,810 Increase 10.3%
2004 11,519,422 3,266,481 14,785,903 Increase 14.0%
2005 12,102,609 3,606,690 15,709,299 Increase 5.1%
2006 12,942,735 3,763,314 16,706,049 Increase 6.9%
2007 13,972,336 3,921,752 17,894,088 Increase 8.0%
2008 14,547,537 4,035,790 18,583,327 Increase 4.1%
2009 14,595,924 4,117,171 18,713,095 Increase 0.3%
2010 15,338,191 4,282,257 19,620,448 Increase 5.1%
2011 15,888,983 4,444,867 20,333,850 Increase 3.6%
2012 16,601,349 4,471,413 21,072,762 Increase 4.5%
2013 16,775,697 4,669,141 21,444,838 Increase 1.1%
2014 16,982,836 4,964,981 21,947,817 Increase 1.2%
2015 16,786,974 5,238,522 22,025,496 Decrease -1.2%
2016 17,055,852 5,449,744 22,505,596 Increase 1.6%
2017 17,219,926 5,729,341 22,949,267 Increase 1.0%
2018 17,354,529 6,112,234 23,466,763 Increase 0.8%
2019 17,580,142 6,425,564 24,005,706 Increase 1.3%
2020 6,386,797 1,388,291 7,775,088 Decrease -63.7%
2021 7,658,654 247,999 7,906,653 Increase 19.9%
2022 14,374,443 2,531,254 16,905,697 Increase 87.7%

Domestic

[edit]
Busiest domestic routes – Brisbane Airport (year ending 31 December 2022)[112]
Rank Airport Passengers % change
1 Sydney 3,594,184 Increase 228.8%
2 Melbourne 2,806,475 Increase 256.4%
3 Cairns 1,136,610 Increase 12.3%
4 Townsville 818,348 Increase 18.8%
5 Perth 737,276 Increase 156.7%
6 Adelaide 713,245 Increase 58.0%
7 Mackay 698,398 Increase 30.2%
8 Canberra 593,364 Increase 102.7%
9 Newcastle 450,206 Increase 112.0%
10 Rockhampton 443,074 Increase 22.6%
11 Darwin 328,808 Increase 26.2%
12 Proserpine 293,453 Increase 20.2%
13 Hobart 291,200 Increase 13.1%
14 Gladstone 193,074 Increase 37.8%
15 Hamilton Island 174,989 Decrease -14.7%

International

[edit]
Busiest international routes – Brisbane Airport (year ending 30 June 2024)[113]
Rank Airport Passengers % change Airlines
1 Auckland 857,594 Increase 40.9% Air New Zealand, China Airlines, Jetstar, Qantas
2 Singapore 827,220 Increase 90.5% Qantas, Singapore Airlines
3 Dubai 490,437 Increase 37.3% Emirates
4 Denpasar 420,158 Increase 9.1% Batik Air Malaysia, Jetstar, Virgin Australia
5 Tokyo 257,252 Increase 493.9% Jetstar, Qantas
6 Nadi 250,628 Increase 13.5% Fiji Airways, Virgin Australia
7 Doha 235,450 Decrease 0.6% Qatar Airways
8 Christchurch 221,027 Increase 17.5% Air New Zealand, Qantas
9 Vancouver 190,810 Increase 46.0% Air Canada
10 Taipei 189,348 Increase 50.5% China Airlines, EVA Air
11 Port Moresby 166,163 Increase 18.2% Air Niugini, Qantas
12 Seoul 160,179 Increase 479.6% Jetstar, Korean Air
13 Hong Kong 153,717 Increase 137.7% Cathay Pacific
14 Wellington 145,098 Increase 41.6% Air New Zealand, QantasLink
15 Queenstown 143,234 Increase 25.4% Qantas, Virgin Australia

Awards

[edit]
Traditional owners of Brisbane region have been recognized and acknowledged at Brisbane Airport.

Brisbane Airport has won a number of awards, including being rated as Australia's No. 1 airport for quality of service 10 years in a row (2005–2014 inclusive) in a survey by the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission,[114] and being ranked as 3rd Best Airport in the world (for airports servicing between 20 and 30 million passengers per year).[115] In 2015, it was reported as the fourth-best medium-sized airport for on-time arrivals and departures.[116] The international terminal won the Queensland architecture award.[117] In 2005 Brisbane Airport was awarded the IATA Eagle Award, the second of only two Australian airports to receive such an award.[118]

Accidents and incidents

[edit]
  • On 15 February 2012, a Toll Aviation Fairchild Metro III freighter came to rest on its fuselage at about 2:30 am.[119] Neither of the two pilots were injured. The landing gear on the light plane failed to go down during testing after maintenance.
  • On 18 July 2018, a Malaysian Airlines Airbus A330 took off from Brisbane with pitot tube covers still in place, resulting in unreliable airspeed indications and the aircraft diverting back to Brisbane. Airport ground staff had placed covers on the pitot tubes to prevent mud wasps nesting in them (a common hazard at Brisbane Airport), and the pilots, engineers and ground staff failed to check the covers were removed prior to departure.[120][121]
  • On 1 July 2022, an Emirates Airbus A380 performing Flight 430 from Dubai landed at Brisbane Airport with a hole on the left side of its fuselage. A missing bolt and cap was found on the aircraft's nose landing gear after it parked. Damage allegedly occurred on takeoff and the pilots reported a blown tire before landing, but investigation is ongoing.[122][123]

Notable people

[edit]
  • Julieanne Alroe, chief executive officer of Brisbane Airport Corporation July 2009 – June 2018

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Qantas operates dedicated 'flightseeing' services to Antarctica from Brisbane. These flights, using a Boeing 787 Dreamliner, depart Brisbane from the Domestic Terminal, and provide a guided aerial tour of Antarctica before returning to Australia. These flights are about thirteen hours in total.[78]

References

[edit]
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