List of wars involving Spain
 | This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (July 2024) |
This is a list of wars and armed conflicts fought by Spain, its predecessor states, or in Spanish territory.
Ancient
[edit]
Medieval
[edit]
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
_(1554-1659).svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
Catholic Monarchy
[edit]
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
Habsburg Spain
[edit]
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=icon}
_(1526-1540).svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.png){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.png){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
Bourbon Spain
[edit]
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.png){kind=small}
Restoration
[edit]
.svg){kind=small}
.png){kind=small}
Second Spanish Republic
[edit]| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Casualties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anarchist insurrections against Spanish Republic
(1932–37)
Location: Spain |
 Spanish Republic
 Communist Party of Spain
Supported by |
 CNT-FAI
Anarchist commune (1937) |
1° Victory of the Spanish State and repression of Spanish Anarchists. Divission between moderates which wanted to collaborate with Spanish Republic (Treintists and Possibilists of the Syndicalist Party) and Radicals opposed to the State (Faístas).
2° Truce between Anarchists and Republicans during Spanish Revolution of 1936. 3° Anarchists, Anarcho-Syndicalists Libertarian socialist and Libertarian Communism are defeated by Marxists Communists, Leninists and Stalinists during the internal conflict between left-wing groups during Spanish Civil War. |
|
| Communists revolts during Spanish Republic
(1932) |
Spanish Republic
|
Communist Party of Spain
|
Victory of the Spanish moderate left | |
| Militar Reactions against Spanish Republic (1932) | Spanish Republic
|
Monarchical and Right-Wing rebel forces | Victory of the Spanish Republic | |
Revolution of 1934
Location: Spain |
Spanish Republic
|
Asturian Workers Alliance
 Catalan State
|
Victory
|
|
| Extremaduran peasant rebellion
(1936) Location: Spain (Extremadura) |
Spanish Republic
|
 UGT
|
Peasant victory | 0 |
| Spanish Civil War (1936–39)
Location: Spain |
.svg){kind=small} Spain Republic
Supported by: Volunteers |
.svg){kind=small} Rebel or Nationalist faction
|
Nationalist faction victory
|
500,000–1,000,000 dead |
| 1936 uprising in Spanish Guinea
(1936)
Location: Modern Equatorial Guinea |
Spain Republic
|
Clerical Insurgents
|
Rebel victory
|
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
Francoist Spain
[edit]| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results | Casualties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spanish Maquis (1939–1965) Location: Spain |
 Francoist SpainSupported by:  Nazi Germany (1939–1945)  Fascist Italy (1939–1943)  United States (after 1953) |
Republican Partisans Supported by:  French Resistance (1940–1944) Italian Resistance (1943–1945) Soviet Union (until 1956)
|
Francoist Victory. Decline and eventual extinction of Maquis activity | |
| Carlist-Falangist internal conflict and conspiracies inner Francoist Regime
(1939-1950s) Location: Spain |
Francoist Spain
|
 Requetés/CT
Supported by:  Anti-Francoist Falangists
Supported by: |
Government victory
| |
| Spanish occupation of Tangier (1940–1945)
Location: North Africa (Morocco) |
 Spain
|
 Tangier International Zone
|
Inconclusive
|
|
| Eastern Front (World War II) (1941–1945) Volunteers only Location: Europe |
Axis powers
Axis puppet states Co-belligerents |
Allies
Former Axis powers or co-belligerents Aerial and naval only
Volunteers |
Soviet-allied victory | 22,700 |
| Ifni War (1957–1958) Location: North Africa (Morocco and Western Sahara) |
Spain
 France
|
 Morocco
|
Victory | 190 dead |
| Basque Conflict (1959–1975) Location: Spain (Basque Country) |
Spain
|
 Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
|
Inconclusive
|
|
| Pro-Moroccan Guerrilla Warfare against Spanish North-Africa[164]
(1968–1975) Location: Africa (Western Sahara and Plazas de soberanía) |
Spain
|
Supported by: |
Victory
|
|
Zemla Intifada (1970)[166]
Location: Africa, Western Sahara |
Spain
|
 Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab
|
Victory
|
|
| Western Sahara Revolt (1973–75)
Location: Africa, Western Sahara |
Spain
|
Polisario Front of National Liberation
Limited Support: |
Inconclusive
|
|
| Anti-Spanish Terrorist Warfare in Western Sahara[167]
(1974–75)
Location: Western Sahara, Canary Islands and Mauritania |
Spain
|
Polisario Front
Pro-Moroccan Sahrawi nationalists
|
Inconclusive, mostly defeat | |
Green March (1975)
Location: Africa(Western Sahara and Morocco) |
Spain
|
MoroccoSupported by:
|
Inconclusive
|
Modern
[edit]| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basque Conflict (1975–2011) Location: Basque Country region (Spain and France) |
 Spain FranceSupported by:  European Union United Kingdom United States Canada
|
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
|
Victory
|
| Anti-Spanish Terrorist Warfare in Western Sahara[167][169]
(1975–1987)
Location: Western Sahara, Canary Islands and Morocco |
Spain
Morocco
|
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
|
Stalemate
|
| As Encrobas Conflict
(1975–2007) |
Spain
|
Peasant revolters | Inconclusive
|
| Búnker's Confrontations
(1975–early 1980s)
Location: Spain |
Spain
Democratic Junta of Spain
Limited Support: |
Neo-Francoists
Limited Support:
|
Democratical victory
|
| Violence in Canary Islands
(1976–1979)Location: Canary Islands |
Spain
|
Canarian nationalists
Limited Support: |
Victory
|
| Bonito War
(1990s) Location: Atlantic Ocean |
Spain
|
United Kingdom
|
Inconclusive
|
| Gulf War (1991) Location: Persian Gulf (Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia) |
 Kuwait
United States
United Kingdom
Spain
 Saudi Arabia
France
 Egypt
 Syria
|
 Ba'athist Iraq
|
Victory
|
| Somali Civil War (1992–1995) Location: East Africa (Somalia) |
 United States United Kingdom Spain Saudi Arabia Malaysia Pakistan Italy India Greece Germany France Canada Botswana Belgium Australia
|
 Somalia
|
Victory
|
| Bosnian intervention (1992–1996)
Location: Balkans (Bosnia and Herzegovina) |
 NATO United Nations Protection Force
|
 Yugoslavia
|
Victory
|
| Turbot War (1994–1996)
Location: Grand Banks of Newfoundland and English Channel |
Spain European Union
|
Canada
|
Defeat
|
| Kosovo War (1998–99)
|
 KLA
|
Yugoslavia
|
Victory
|
1999 East Timorese crisis (1999–2005)
|
 East Timor
|
 Pro-Indonesia militias
Supported by: |
Victory
|
| War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Location: Afghanistan |
 Afghanistan
 ISAF
|
 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
|
Defeat
|
| Operation Active Endeavour
(2001–2016)
|
NATO
Non-NATO:
|
Unspecified terrorist and smuggling groups | "Victory"
|
| Perejil Island crisis (2002) Location: North Africa, Perejil Island |
Spain
|
Morocco
|
Victory
|
| Iraq War (2003–04) Location: Middle East (Iraq) |
 MNF–I
 Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein
 Iraqi Kurdistan
|
 Iraq under Saddam Hussein
|
Coalition victory |
| Operation Atalanta
(2008–) |
European Union (European Union Training Mission in Somalia)
Non EU: |
Somali pirates | Ongoing |
| Boko Haram insurgency (2009–) Location: Sub-Saharan Africa (Mostly Nigeria) |
 Nigeria Cameroon Chad  NigerSupported by:  African Union Belgium Benin Canada China Colombia France Iran Israel Italy Spain United Kingdom United States
|
 Boko Haram
|
Ongoing |
| Libyan intervention (2011) Location: North Africa, Libya |
Many NATO members acting under UN mandate
and
 Anti-Gaddafi forces
 several Arab League states
|
 Pro-Gaddafi forces
|
Victory
|
| 2012 Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera incident (2012)
Location: North Africa, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera |
Spain
|
Morocco
|
Victory
|
| Mali War (2012–)
Location: West Africa (Mostly Mali) |
 France Mali Chad Spain[177]
|
Ansar Dine
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb |
Ongoing |
| Central African Republic Civil War (2012–)
Location: Central Africa |
 Central African Republic
Formerly:  South Africa (2013)MISCA (2013–2014) MICOPAX (2008–2013) |
Coalition of Patriots for Change (since 2020)
Defunct groups: RJ (2013–2018) MNLC (2017–2019) MLCJ (2008–2022) RPRC (2014–2022)
|
Ongoing |
| Military intervention against ISIL (2014–)
Location: Muslim world (Middle East and North Africa, Caucasus and Southeast Asia) |
 United States Belgium (2014–17) Denmark Sweden France Germany  Italy Turkey (2014–17) Netherlands Jordan Morocco (2014–16) Spain[188][189] United Kingdom
|
 ISIL
|
Ongoing |
| 2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis
(2017–2018) Location: Catalonia |
Spain
|
Generalitat de Catalunya
|
Victory of Spanish Government
|
.svg){kind=small}
See also
[edit]- Military history of Spain
- List of Spanish colonial wars in Morocco
- Anglo-Spanish War (disambiguation)
- Franco-Spanish War (disambiguation)
- Spanish–Portuguese War (disambiguation)
- Ottoman-Spanish War (disambiguation)
- Ottoman-Habsburg Wars
- Contemporary history of Spain
Notes
[edit]- ^ Fought against England during Despenser's Crusade.
- ^ Fought with England during the Caroline War.
- ^ Fought with England during Despenser's Crusade.
- ^ The only party under Francisco Franco from 1937 onward, a merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side.
- ^ a b c d 1936–1937, then merged into FET y de las JONS
References
[edit]- ^ Orosius, Histories against the Pagans, vi.21 Archived 27 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Álvarez Jiménez, David (2016). El reino pirata de los vándalos. Editorial Universidad de Sevilla. ISBN 978-84-472-1851-6. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ Wise Bauer, Susan (2010). The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 369. ISBN 978-0-393-07817-6
- ^ Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1986). The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row Publishers. ISBN 0-06-181235-8
- ^ Thomas F. Glick. Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. (Princeton, Princeton University Press), p. 38
- ^ Abbasid–Carolingian alliance
- ^ Solmi, Arrigo (1917). Studi storici sulle istituzioni della Sardegna nel medio evo (in Italian). Presso la Società storica sarda.
- ^ a b D. K (October 2009). War. Dorling Kindersley Limited. ISBN 9781405347785.
- ^ Devic, Claude (1670-1734) Auteur du texte; Vaissette, Joseph (1685-1756) Auteur du texte; Du Mège, Alexandre (1780-1862) Auteur du texte (1840–1846). Histoire générale de Languedoc : avec des notes et les pièces justificatives, composée sur les auteurs et les titres originaux.... T. 4 / par dom Claude de Vic et dom Vaissète,... ; commentée et continuée jusqu'en 1830, et augmentée d'un grand nombre de chartes et de documens inédits par M. le chev. Al. Du Mège...
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Catalans, Institut d'Estudis; Històrico-Arqueològica, Secció (19 August 2009). Tractats i negociacions diplomàtiques de Catalunya i de la Corona catalanoaragonesa a l'edat mitjana: Volum: 1.1. Tractats i negociacions diplomàtiques amb Occitània, França i els estats italians, 1067-1213 (in Catalan). Institut d'Estudis Catalans. ISBN 978-84-92583-78-2.
- ^ Mestre i Campi, Jesús (1993). Diccionari d'història de Catalunya. Edicions 62. ISBN 978-84-297-3521-5. Archived from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "Peacemaking in Medieval León and Castile, c. 1100-1230" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Aparicio Rosillo, Susana (3 September 2007). "La violencia en Gascuña y los enfrentamientos anglo-navarros (siglos XIII y XIV)" – via academica-e.unavarra.es.
- ^ a b Heath, Ian (5 June 2016). Armies of Feudal Europe 1066–1300. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781326686215. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
- ^ Pérez Martín, Antonio (19 April 2024). "Veas Arteseros, Francisco de Asís. Alfonso X y Murcia: El Rey y el Reino. Murcia: Consejería de Cultura de la Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia, Ayuntamiento de Murcia, Caja Mediterráneo, 2009. 203 pp". Anuario de Historia del Derecho Español (81): 1151–1153. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ Vincent, Nicholas (2007), Weiler, Bjorn; Burton, Janet; Schofield, Philipp (eds.), "A Forgotten War: England and Navarre, 1243·4", Thirteenth Century England XI: Proceedings of the Gregynog Conference, 2005, Boydell & Brewer, pp. 109–146, ISBN 978-1-84615-599-4, retrieved 9 July 2024
- ^ "Duitsland §6. Geschiedenis". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 2002.
- ^ Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 232. ISBN 9781438110257.
- ^ Setton, Kenneth M. (1975). Catalan domination of Athens, 1311–1388. Variorum. hdl:2027/heb03015.0001.001. ISBN 978-0-902089-77-8. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
- ^ "InFocus Spain / DC #93 / March 2024 by Diplomacy&Commerce magazine - Issuu". issuu.com. 29 March 2024. Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
- ^ Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185-1365. Cambridge University Press. p. 112.
- ^ Vásáry 2005, p. 112.
- ^ "Unknown".[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Castile, Aragon, Granada, and Portugal 1250–1400". Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
- ^ Philippe Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, p.257 (citing Hillgarth, The Spanish Kingdoms, i.342)
- ^ White, Matthew (7 November 2011). Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393083309. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
- ^ "De La Rochelle al saqueo e incendio de Londres por la flota castellana: la batalla que humilló a los ingleses". larazon.es (in Spanish). 21 June 2022. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
- ^ Brule, Álvaro Van den (14 September 2013). "Fernando Sánchez de Tovar, el castellano que remontó el Támesis y saqueó Londres". elconfidencial.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
- ^ Togores, Luis E. (30 September 2021). "El día que los españoles invadieron Inglaterra". El Debate (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ "l'Edat mitjana en el cinema i en la novel·la històrica" [The Middle Ages in the cinema and in the historical novel] (PDF) (in Catalan). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ Mestre i Campi, Jesús (Dir.). Diccionari d'Història de Catalunya. Edicions 62, 1998, pp. 658–659, entrada: «Martí I». ISBN 84-297-3521-6
- ^ Vilar, Pierre (Dir.); Batlle, Carme. Història de Catalunya. Volum III. Barcelona: Edicions 62, 1988. ISBN 84-297-2784-1
- ^ Turan, Tufan (2012). "Ottoman-Spanish Relations from Struggle to Truce (1301-1581)". History Studies International Journal of History. 4 (3): 408–418. doi:10.9737/hist_572. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
- ^ Salrach, Josep M; Termes, Josep. Diccionari d'Història de Catalunya. ed.62, 1992.
- ^ a b c d e Tuchman, Barbara W. (1978). A Distant Mirror: the Calamitous 14th Century. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-345-28394-5.
- ^ The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of latin christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226
- ^ Valerii︠a︡ Fol, Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief, (Riga, 1999), 103.
- ^ Bell, Adrian. "English Members of the Order of the Passion: Their Political, Diplomatic and Military Significance". In Philippe de Mézières and His Age, (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2012) doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004211445_018 Archived 23 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine "whether his influence encouraged the involvement of an English force at the battle of Nicopolis in 1396"
- ^ Belhatem, Romaissa, and Fatima Maameri. "British foreign policy towards the Ottoman empire." Archived 6 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine (2019). p.6. "In fact, the English contributed a thousand crusaders under Lord Huntington"
- ^ Alexandru Madgearu, The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins, ed. Martin Gordon, (Scarecrow Press, 2008), 90.
- ^ Berisha, Gjon (2015). "Aspects of Skanderbeg's Relationship with Alfonso V of Aragon". ANGLISTICUM. Journal of the Association-Institute for English Language and American Studies. 4 (4): 149–154. ISSN 1857-8187. Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
- ^ Marinescu, Constantin (1994). La politique orientale d'Alfonse V d'Aragon, roi de Naples (1416-1458) (in French). Institut d'Estudis Catalans. ISBN 978-84-7283-276-3.
- ^ Pastor, José Manuel Azcona; Abdiu, Majlinda (2020). La política exterior de la Corona de Aragón en los Balcanes (1416-1478): la Albania de Skanderbeg y la guerra contra los turcos (in Spanish). Ommpress. ISBN 978-84-17387-59-4. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
- ^ a b c Spremić, Momčilo (2005). Balkanski vazali kralja Alfonsa Aragonskog [Spremić, Momčilo (2005). Balkan vassals of King Alfonso of Aragon]. Archived 23 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Muhaj, Ardian (2008). "A política oriental de Alfonso V de Aragao e a Albânia de George Castriota-Skenderbeg". Iacobus: Revista de estudios jacobeos y medievales (23): 237–248. ISSN 1137-2397. Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
- ^ Torra, Alexander (29 January 2022). "The eastern policy of Alfonso V of Aragon.: Documentary sources". Studia Albanica. 55 (2): 3–30. ISSN 0585-5047. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
- ^ a b c Peco, Almir (10 December 2020). "The 1444 Treaty between King Alfonso V of Aragon and Grand Duke Stjepan Vukčić". Journal of the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo. 7 (2): 73–94. doi:10.46352/23036974.2020.2.73. ISSN 2303-6974. Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
- ^ a b Ćirković, Sima M. (1964). Herceg Stefan Vukčić-Kosača i njegovo doba (in Serbian). Naučno delo.
- ^ a b https://www.acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/7641/1/mediterran_006_017-028.pdf
- ^ "Aragón contra Venecia 1449 - Todoavante.es". todoavante.es. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
- ^ a b Premović, Marijan (2019). "The Eastern Policy of Alfonso V the Magnanimous (of Aragon), Seen in the Light of His Political Relations with the Bosnian Duke-Herzog Stjepan Vukčić Kosača". Parergon. 36 (1): 81–105. doi:10.1353/pgn.2019.0003. ISSN 1832-8334.
- ^ Isailović, Neven (1 July 2020). "Partnerstvo u pokušaju – temeljne značajke odnosa Alfonsa V. i Stjepana Vukčića Kosače. | Journal of the Institute of Croatian History / Radovi Zavoda za Hrvatsku Povijest | EBSCOhost". Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest Filozofskoga Fakulteta Sveučilišta U Zagrebu: Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest Filozofskoga Fakulteta Sveučilišta U Zagrebu. 52 (3): 37–68. doi:10.17234/RadoviZHP.52.30.
- ^ Wright, Christopher. "Non ex unica natione sed ex plurimis: Genoa, the Catalans and the Knights of St John in the fifteenth century". Archived from the original on 20 April 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
- ^ a b Osmanlı Kaynaklarına Göre Fatih Sultan Mehmed'in Siyasi ve Askeri Faaliyeti Selahattin Tansel
- ^ "Mehmed II". Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ a b c "Haçli Koali̇syonu Ve Fâti̇h Sultan Mehmed". Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ TSK (1986). Battle of Otlukbeli (PDF). p. 17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ Quesada, Miguel Ángel Ladero (1 January 2000). "Portugueses en la frontera de Granada". En la España Medieval (in Spanish). 23: 67. ISSN 1988-2971. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
- ^ Portuguese expedition to Otranto
- ^ Hollegger, Manfred (2005). Maximilian I. (1459-1519): Herrscher und Mensch einer Zeitenwende (in German). Kohlhammer. ISBN 978-3-17-015557-2.
- ^ a b c Jaques, Tony (19 January 2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313335396. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ Nicholson, Helen J. (19 January 2004). The Crusades. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313326851. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ Ramerini, Marco (16 February 2014). "The Portuguese in the Moluccas: Ternate and Tidore". Colonial Voyage. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
- ^ Ramerini, Marco (16 February 2014). "The Spanish Presence in the Moluccas: Ternate and Tidore". Colonial Voyage. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
- ^ Ramerini, Marco (15 May 2023). "Moluccas 2 – The conquest of Ternate, 1606". Colonial Voyage. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
- ^ Ramerini, Marco (1 January 2005). "The Spanish presence in the Moluccas: The fortifications of Ternate – Ramerini Marco". colonialvoyage.com (First published: 2005). Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
- ^ 1527 election in Cetin
- ^ "medieval Archives • History of the Germans Podcast". History of the Germans Podcast. 14 October 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
- ^ Postel, Rainer (2010). "Jürgen Wullenwever - Demokrat oder Demagoge?". Zeitschrift des Vereins für Lübeckische Geschichte und Altertumskunde. 90: 11–26.
- ^ Sandklef, Albert (1963). Varbergs historia (in Swedish). Varbergs Stad.
- ^ Norwegian Catholic nobles supported Christian II.
- ^ Norwegian nobles supported, fought and send troops to aid in the war.
- ^ "Tribes - Native Voices". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
- ^ "Политический кризис в Чехии в первой четверти XVII в. и начало Тридцатилетней войны". www.dslib.net. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Levy, Jack S. (15 July 2014). War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495–1975. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813163659. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2023 – via Google Books.
- ^ "MÉXICO EN LA CONQUISTA DE FILIPINAS". exploramex.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
- ^ Pinto, Paulo Jorge de Sousa (2008). "Enemy at the Gates Macao, Manila and the "Pinhal Episode" (end of 16th Century)". Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies. 16: 11–43. ISSN 0874-8438.
- ^ Ottoman embassy to Aceh
- ^ Tampico, Vladimir Meza | El Sol de. "La batalla de Cagayán, tlaxcaltecas contra piratas y ¿samuráis?". El Sol de Tampico | Noticias Locales, Policiacas, sobre México, Tamaulipas y el Mundo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
- ^ "Intrigue in Longvek- Iberians in 16th Century Cambodia ⋆ Cambodia News English". Cambodia News English. 14 December 2019. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ Neutrality violated by Holland during the Siege of Huy (1595)
- ^ Borao, José Eugenio. "The massacre of 1603: Chinese perception of the Spaniards in the Philippines" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ a b Csorba, Csaba; Estók, János; Salamon, Konrád (1998). Magyarország Képes Története. Budapest: Hungarian Book-Club. ISBN 963-548-961-7. 62.-64. p.
- ^ Véronne, Chantal de la (2012). "Saʿdids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill
- ^ Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 219–220. ISBN 0-521-33767-4
- ^ Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1970). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29137-8. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "محمد بن أحمد العياشي". مغرس. Archived from the original on 21 January 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ Maziane, Leila (23 October 2017). "Salé au xviie siècle, terre d'asile morisque sur le littoral Atlantique marocain". Cahiers de la Méditerranée (79): 359–372. doi:10.4000/cdlm.4941. S2CID 129250942. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ a b "دعوة الحق - جمهورية أبي رقراق". Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ Filiu, Jean-Pierre (2011). Apocalypse in Islam. Translated by DeBevoise, M. B. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26431-1
- ^ "تاريخ تطوان: تسليم العرائش للإسبانيين". 22 August 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ a b Hayden p.22
- ^ The Spanish army under Spinola refused to give up the key fortress of Wesel. Hayden p.22
- ^ Duro, Cesáreo Fernández (2006). El gran duque de Osuna y su marina: jornadas contra turcos y venecianos (1602-1624) (in Spanish). Editorial Renacimiento. ISBN 978-84-8472-126-0. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
- ^ Juan, Víctor San (15 April 2018). Breve historia de las batallas navales del Mediterráneo (in Spanish). Nowtilus. ISBN 978-84-9967-936-5. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
- ^ Jan Glete, La guerra sul mare 1500–1650, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2010, p. 161.
- ^ "نبرد برای آزادی هرمز". پرتال جامع علوم انسانی (in Persian). Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "History of Ayutthaya – Foreign Settlements – Portuguese Settlement". ayutthaya-history.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ "History of Ayutthaya – Essays – Spain". ayutthaya-history.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ "History of Ayutthaya – Historical Events – Timeline 1600–1649". ayutthaya-history.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ Parker p.146
- ^ Thion p.18
- ^ Kirk p.100
- ^ "Charles I and the Spanish Plot: Anglo-Habsburg Relations and the Outbreak of the War of Three Kingdoms, 1630–1641" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
The Anglo-Spanish War of 1625–1630 proved a miserable and ill-led affair for England and wholly unprofitable for English merchants
- ^ Staněk, Karel; Wanner, Michal (2018). "Wallenstein, Dinastía Vasa y armada hispano-polaca en el Mar Báltico, 1628-1632". Brocar: Cuadernos de investigación histórica (42): 31–66. ISSN 1885-8309.
- ^ Skowron, Ryszard. "Olivares, los Vasa y el Báltico. Polonia en la política intrenacional de España en los años 1621-1632". Wydawnictwo DiG, Varsovia 2008, ss. 321.
- ^ Skowron, Ryszard. "El Mar Báltico en la estrategia española de guerra en los Países Bajos, 1568-1648". El mar en los siglos modernos, eds. Manuel-Reyes García Hurtado, Domingo L. González Lopo, E. Martínez Rodríguez. t. 2, Santiago de Compostela, 2009, s. 345-358.
- ^ "inabima.org" (PDF). archive.wikiwix.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "Rabat República de piratas españoles MV092". archive.wikiwix.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "Moriscos de Hornachos y República de Rabat". archive.wikiwix.com. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ Coindreau, Roger (2006). Les corsaires de Salé (in French). Eddif. ISBN 978-9981-896-76-5. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ Dan, Pierre (1649). Histoire de Barbarie, et de ses corsaires: Des royavmes, et des villes d'Alger, de Tvnis, de Salé, & de Tripoly. Divisée en six livres. Ov il est traitté de levr govvernement, de leurs mœurs, de leurs cruautez, de leurs brigandages, de leurs sortileges, & de plusieurs autres particularitez remarquables. Ensemble des grandes miseres et des crvels tourmens qu'endurent les Chrestiens captifs parmy ces infideles (in French). Chez P. Rocolet. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio; Vincent, Bernard (1993). Historia de los moriscos: vida y tragedia de una minoría. Alianza Universidad. Madrid: Alianza ed. ISBN 978-84-206-2415-0.
- ^ Lord Wentworth's Regiment was integrated into the Spanish army.
- ^ Treaty of alliance between France and Portugal concluded at Paris, 1 June 1641. Davenport, Frances Gardiner: European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648. Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2012. ISBN 9781584774228, pp. 324–328
- ^ English expedition to Portugal (1662–1668)
- ^ Birmingham, p.51
- ^ Amigo Vázquez, Lourdes (2019). "Un nuevo escenario de la guerra con Francia. La intervención española en la Fronda (1648–1653)". Studia historica. Historia moderna (in Spanish). 41 (1). España: 153–188. doi:10.14201/shhmo2019411153188. hdl:10366/142076. S2CID 198725766. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ Lord Wentworth's Regiment served as part of the Spanish Army.
- ^ "دعوة الحق – السلطان المولى إسماعيل". 5 January 2017. Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "Абдусаламов Магомед-паша Балашович Феодальные междоусобицы кумыкских владетелей во второй половине XVII века", ИСОМ, no. 4, C.33, 2014, archived from the original on 26 May 2023, retrieved 26 May 2023
- ^ a b From 1703 started the Rákóczi's War of Independence as a proxy conflict of the Habsburg-Bourbon conflict during Spanish Succession War. Spanish mercenaries fought in the Hungarian conflict for both sides due to alliances.
- ^ The Acts of Union of 1707 united the crowns of England and Scotland, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain. For much of the war, Scottish units were under Dutch pay and operated as part of the army of the Dutch Republic.
- ^ "Spanish-Indian Battle (1702) - Georgia Historical Society". www.georgiahistory.com/. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
- ^ a b In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were unified as the Kingdom of Great Britain, sharing a single Parliament at Westminster under the Act of Union 1707. After this, Scottish troops joined their English counterparts in all colonial wars.
- ^ From H.M.C. Brown to Peter P. Pitchlynn. Re: rumors of a band of Comanches and Apaches of hostile nature gathering. "Peter P. Pitchlynn Collection" Archived 17 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Western Histories Collection, University of Oklahoma Libraries
- ^ Cesáreo Fernández Duro, Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León, Est. tipográfico Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, Madrid, 1902, Vol. VI, p. 118
- ^ "Eighteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- ^ Nash, Jay Robert (18 May 1976). Darkest Hours. M. Evans. ISBN 9781590775264. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
- ^ a b "Eighteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- ^ Newman, Gerald; Brown, Leslie Ellen; Graham Cummings, A. J.; Fruchtman (Jr.), Jack; Tasch, Peter A. (1997). Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780815303961. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
- ^ "Eighteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- ^ "Eighteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- ^ "Tahití hubiera podido ser española". vivatacademia.web.uah.es. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
- ^ Jorge Ortiz Sotelo (2005). "Expediciones peruanas a Tahití, siglo XVIII" [Peruvian expeditions to Tahiti, 18th century] (PDF). Derroteros de la Mar del Sur (in Spanish) (13): 95–103. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
- ^ Serulnikov, Sergio (2013). Revolution in the Andes: The Age of Túpac Amaru. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822354833.
- ^ Robins, Nicholas A. (19 January 2002). Genocide and Millennialism in Upper Peru: The Great Rebellion of 1780-1782. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275975692. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2022 – via Google Books.
- ^ Berry, Jane M. (1917). "The Indian Policy of Spain in the Southwest 1783-1795". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 3 (4): 462–477. doi:10.2307/1889139. ISSN 0161-391X.
- ^ Northwest Indian War
- ^ Ushakov expedition
- ^ "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
- ^ a b British intervention in Spanish American independence
- ^ https://www.nps.gov/subjects/islandofthebluedolphins/upload/JCGBA_34-1_Morris-etal_final.pdf
- ^ Ogden, A. (1 September 1933). "Russian Sea-Otter and Seal Hunting on the California Coast, 1803-1841". California History. 12 (3): 217–239. doi:10.2307/25178218. ISSN 0162-2897. JSTOR 25178218.
- ^ a b https://cdr.creighton.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/7183a216-9868-4c5c-ba36-3a9314acf036/content
- ^ Namee, Matthew (2 February 2011). "Primary sources on St. Peter the Aleut". Orthodox History. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
- ^ Congress of Verona
- ^ "Belgian Corps 1832–35 in Portugal's Liberal Wars". 11 June 2006. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
- ^ Bullón de Mendoza y Gómez de Valugera, Alfonso (1992). La primera guerra carlista. Actas. ISBN 978-84-87863-08-0. Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "Victimario Histórico Militar". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
- ^ * Evans, Robert; Pogge von Strandmann, Hartmut (3 January 2002). The Revolutions in Europe, 1848–1849. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249978.003.0004. ISBN 978-0-19-924997-8.
- ^ a b First Italian War of Independence
- ^ a b c "Nineteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- ^ Magyarország hadtörténete 1. (Military history of Hungary), Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó 1984. ISBN 963-326-320-4
- ^ "histoire". www.sahara-occidental.com. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
- ^ Salom, Julio (1 January 2003). "Los orígenes coloniales del Sahara occidental en el marco de la política española". Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea (in Spanish): 247–272. ISSN 1988-2734.
- ^ Martìn, Juan Carlos Gimeno; Picón, Juan Ignacio Robles (1 January 2015). "Hacia una contrahistoria del Sahara Occidental". Les Cahiers d'EMAM. Études sur le Monde Arabe et la Méditerranée (in Spanish) (24–25). doi:10.4000/emam.872. ISSN 1969-248X.
- ^ https://www.catarata.org/media/catarata55/files/book-attachment-1336.pdf
- ^ Castillo-Rodríguez, Susana (September 2012). "La última selva de España: antropófagos, misioneros y guardias civiles. Crónica de la conquista de los Fang de la Guinea Española, 1914–1930". Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies. 13 (3): 315–316. doi:10.1080/14636204.2013.790703. ISSN 1463-6204.
- ^ https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/59732/1/Exploraciones_colonizaci%C3%B3n_Guinea_Ecuatorial.pdf
- ^ Italian military intervention in Spain, Corpo Truppe Volontarie, Aviazione Legionaria
- ^ German involvement in the Spanish Civil War, Condor Legion
- ^ Viriatos
- ^ Blond, Carlos (2022). La Legión en el Sahara entre guerras, 1968 a 1975: historia de la 3a Compañía IX Bandera 4o Tercio, la más condecorada (in Spanish). Didot. ISBN 978-84-19038-88-3.
- ^ "EFEMÉRIDES HAUSA, 3 de AGOSTO de 1975 Carlos Blond Álvarez del Manzano. General Retirado". General Dávila (in Spanish). 3 August 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
- ^ https://accedacris.ulpgc.es/bitstream/10553/21618/4/0733650_00000_0000.pdf
- ^ a b https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/media/downloadable/files/links/P/D/PDF69.pdf
- ^ Webmaster (12 February 2020). "La Operación Golondrina". Sáhara Occidental (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 September 2024.
- ^ lanzarote, la verdad de (9 December 2020). ""EL FRENTE POLISARIO Y SUS ATENTADOS CONTRA HOMBRES DEL MAR"". la verdad de lanzarote (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 September 2024.
- ^ Digital, Confidencial (8 April 2022). "Documentos exclusivos. Cómo el Polisario abrió en España una embajada secreta en una entreplanta de Madrid financiada por el CESID". Confidencial Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 September 2024.
- ^ "Indonesia 'bugged' Australia". The Age. 15 November 2004. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ "The Collins allegations | Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability". Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability | We Hold That It is Possible to Build Peace, Create Security, and Restore Sustainability for All People in Our Time. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ "PM – A look behind the 'Jakarta Lobby'". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 November 2023. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ "PM – Intelligence analyst blasts the DIO". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 November 2023. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ "French-language news from Israel, the Middle East & the Jewish World". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
- ^ "Operation Active Endeavour". NATO. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
- ^ "España promete ayuda militar y apoyo logístico a Mali en la guerra contra Ansar Dine". Cuartopoder (in Spanish). 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
- ^ a b Rwanda deploys troops to CAR under bilateral arrangement Archived 4 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine, The East African, 22 December 2020. Accessed 28 Dec 2020.
- ^ "Central African troops and Russian mercenaries accused of abuses in anti-rebel offensive". The New Humanitarian. 29 April 2021. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ Sahinkaya, Ezel; Galperovich, Danila (9 May 2020). "Radical Russian Imperial Movement Expanding Global Outreach". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- ^ L'incroyable constellation des groupes armés en Centrafrique Archived 29 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine, 27 July 2023
- ^ "Morocco expresses full support for Central African Republic Peace Agreement". The North Africa Post. 17 November 2019. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
Morocco has deployed 762 blue helmets in the MINUSCA, who, he said, have succeeded in establishing bonds of trust with local populations regardless of their religious affiliations, said Bourita.
- ^ France suspends military, budgetary support to Central African Republic Archived 20 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine, 8 June 2021
- ^ Nzilo, Alain (13 March 2023). "Le Préfet du Haut-Mbomou sous pression: une nouvelle milice d'autodéfense locale, AZANDE ANI KPI GBE, appelle à son départ". corbeaunews-centrafrique. Corbeaunews Centrafrique. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
- ^ "UN: Chad soldiers killed 30 in CAR". Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
- ^ "Chad Sends More Troops to CAR Border". Defense Post. 4 June 2021. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
- ^ "Sudan paramilitary funnelling weapons into Central African Republic, UN report reveals". 9 August 2019. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ González, Miguel (22 October 2014). "El Congreso apoya la misión en Irak". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
- ^ González, Miguel (25 November 2017). "Cuando España volvió a la guerra". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2023.