Struthioniformes

Struthioniformes; Temporal range: Early Eocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Infraclass:	Palaeognathae
Order:	Struthioniformes; Latham, 1790
Families
	†Palaeotis; †Geranoididae; †Eogruidae; †Ergilornithidae; Struthionidae;

Struthioniformes is an order of birds with only a single extant family, Struthionidae, containing the ostriches. Several other extinct families are known, spanning across the Northern Hemisphere, from the Early Eocene to the early Pliocene, including a variety of flightless forms like the Paleotidae, Geranoididae, Eogruidae and Ergilornithidae, the latter two thought to be closely related to Struthionidae.

Evolutionary history

According to Mayr and Zelenkov (2021), all Struthioniformes are united by the following characters: "a very long and narrow tarsometatarsus with short trochleae for the second and fourth toes, a tubercle next to the pons supratendineus on the distal end of the tibiotarsus, as well as a shortening of all non-ungual phalanges of the fourth toe except for the proximal one" All known members of the group are thought to have been flightless. Struthioniformes were widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere during the Eocene, including Paleotididae from Europe, and Geranoididae from North America, and Eogruidae and Ergilornithidae in Asia.^[1] The discovery of Lumbreornis, belonging to either Paleotididae or Geranoididae, suggests that Struthiorniformes probably also inhabited South America during the Eocene.^[2] Ergilornthidae would persist in Asia into the Early Pliocene, while its sister group Struthionidae likely originated from Asia.^[1] Ostriches first appeared in Africa during the early Miocene, around 21 million years ago, before dispersing into Eurasia during the late Miocene, beginning around 12 million years ago.^[3]

Taxonomy

After Mayr, and Zelenkov (2021)^[1]

Palaeotididae (Early mid-Eocene, Europe)
- Palaeotis
- Galligeranoides
Geranoididae (Early-mid Eocene, North America)
Unnamed clade
- Eogruidae (monotypic)
  - Eogrus (mid-Late Eocene, Asia)
- Sonogrus (late Eocene, Asia)
- Unnamed clade
  - Proergilornis (late Eocene, Mongolia)
  - Unnamed clade
    - Ergilornithidae (Late Eocene-Early Pliocene, Asia)
    - Struthionidae (Early Miocene-Recent, Afro-Eurasia)

Gallery

Skeleton of Palaeotis weigelti
Life restoration of Ergilornis

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Mayr, Gerald; Zelenkov, Nikita (2021-11-13). "Extinct crane-like birds (Eogruidae and Ergilornithidae) from the Cenozoic of Central Asia are indeed ostrich precursors". Ornithology. 138 (4): ukab048. doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukab048. ISSN 0004-8038.
^ Bertelli, S.; Giannini, N. P.; García-López, D. A.; Deraco, V.; Babot, J.; Del Papa, C.; Armella, M. A.; Herrera, C.; Mayr, G. (2024). "The first Eocene bird from Northwestern Argentina". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 24 (2): 78–89. doi:10.5710/PEAPA.31.05.2024.511.
^ Widrig, Klara; Field, Daniel J. (February 2022). "The Evolution and Fossil Record of Palaeognathous Birds (Neornithes: Palaeognathae)". Diversity. 14 (2): 105. doi:10.3390/d14020105. ISSN 1424-2818.

[:0-1] Mayr, Gerald; Zelenkov, Nikita (2021-11-13). "Extinct crane-like birds (Eogruidae and Ergilornithidae) from the Cenozoic of Central Asia are indeed ostrich precursors". Ornithology. 138 (4): ukab048. doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukab048. ISSN 0004-8038.

[2] Bertelli, S.; Giannini, N. P.; García-López, D. A.; Deraco, V.; Babot, J.; Del Papa, C.; Armella, M. A.; Herrera, C.; Mayr, G. (2024). "The first Eocene bird from Northwestern Argentina". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 24 (2): 78–89. doi:10.5710/PEAPA.31.05.2024.511.

[3] Widrig, Klara; Field, Daniel J. (February 2022). "The Evolution and Fossil Record of Palaeognathous Birds (Neornithes: Palaeognathae)". Diversity. 14 (2): 105. doi:10.3390/d14020105. ISSN 1424-2818.

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