A display of formerly banned books at a US library
Banned books are books or other printed works such as essays or plays which have been prohibited by law, or to which free access has been restricted by other means. The practice of banning books is a form of censorship, from political, legal, religious, moral, or commercial motives. This article lists notable banned books and works, giving a brief context for the reason that each book was prohibited. Banned books include fictional works such as novels, poems and plays and non-fiction works such as biographies and dictionaries.
Many countries throughout the world have their own methods of restricting access to books, although the prohibitions vary strikingly from one country to another.[citation needed]
Despite the opposition from the American Library Association (ALA), books continue to be banned by school and public libraries across the United States. This is usually the result of complaints from parents, who find particular books not appropriate for their children (e.g., books with graphical depictions of child sex, likeGender Queer: A Memoir). In many libraries, including the British Library and the Library of Congress, erotic books are housed in separate collections in restricted access reading rooms. In some libraries, a special application may be needed to read certain books.[1] Libraries sometimes avoid purchasing controversial books, and the personal opinions of librarians have at times affected book selection.
The following list of countries includes historical states that no longer exist.
The distribution, promotion and translation of the Bible have been prohibited or impeded throughout its history.[2] Violators of Bible prohibitions have at times been punished by imprisonment, forced labor, banishment and execution, as well as the destruction or confiscation of the Bibles. Restrictions of the distribution and promotion of the Bible are ongoing in various jurisdictions.
Banned in Australia by the Commonwealth Customs Department in February 1963. The Literature Censorship Board described it as "continually smeared with indecent, offensive and dirty epithets and allusions," but recommended that the book remain available to "the serious minded student or reader." The ban was lifted in May 1966.[18]
The book was refused classification in 1985 thus making it banned in Australia under the National Classification Code Table 1.(c) for publications that could "promote, incite or instruct in matters of crime or violence"[10][19][20]
How to make disposable silencers (1984)
Desert and Eliezer Flores
1984
*Unknown*
*Unknown*
Instructional
An example of a class of books banned in Australia that "promote, incite or instruct in matters of crime or violence".[21][22]
Sale and purchase was banned in the Australian State of Queensland. Now available in public libraries and for sale to people 18 years and older. Sale restricted to persons at least 18 years old in the other Australian states.[23]
Banned by the New South WalesDepartment of Education and Communities from state schools May 6, 2015, on the basis of a "potential risk to students in the delivery of this material, if not taught sensitively and in an age appropriate manner."[24] The ban was lifted May 18, 2015.
Banned by the New South WalesDepartment of Education and Communities from state schools May 6, 2015, on the basis of a "potential risk to students in the delivery of this material, if not taught sensitively and in an age appropriate manner."[24] The ban was lifted May 18, 2015.
Light novel volumes banned in Australia due to depiction which "in a way that is likely to cause offence to a reasonable adult, a person who is, or appears to be, a child under 18".[28]
In Austria, the Verbotsgesetz 1947 prohibits the printing of the book. It is illegal to own[citation needed] or distribute existing copies.[30] Following the general prohibition of advocating the Nazi Party or its aims in § 3 and of re-founding Nazi organizations in § 1, § 3 d. of the Verbotsgesetz states: "Whoever publicly or before several people, in printed works, disseminated texts or illustrations requests, encourages or seeks to induce others to commit any of the acts prohibited under § 1 or § 3, especially if for this purpose he glorifies or advertises the aims of the Nazi Party, its institutions or its actions, provided that it does not constitute a more serious criminal offense, will be punished with imprisonment from five to ten years, or up to twenty years if the offender or his actions are especially dangerous."[30]
Banned in Bangladesh,[35][36] and a few states of India. Other books by her were also banned in Bangladesh or in the Indian state of West Bengal. Amar Meyebela (My Girlhood, 2002), the first volume of her memoir, was banned by the Bangladeshi government in 1999 for "reckless comments" against Islam and the prophet Mohammad.[37]Utal Hawa (Wild Wind), the second part of her memoir, was banned by the Bangladesh government in 2002.[38]Ka (Speak up), the third part of her memoir, was banned by the Bangladeshi High Court in 2003. Under pressure from Indian Muslim activists, the book, which was published in West Bengal as Dwikhandita, was banned there also; some 3,000 copies were seized immediately.[39] The decision to ban the book was criticised by "a host of authors" in West Bengal,[40] but the ban was not lifted until 2005.[41][42]Sei Sob Ondhokar (Those Dark Days), the fourth part of her memoir, was banned by the Bangladesh government in 2004.[43][44]
Banned in Belgium because this satirical novel offended fashion designer Ann Demeulemeester by making derogatory remarks about her personal looks and profession. A court decided the book was an insult to the individual's private life and ordered it to be removed from the stores.[45][46][47]
Banned in Brazil during the military dictatorship by order of the then Minister of Justice, Armando Falcão, under the accusation of "attacking morality and good habits". The author of the book, Rubem Fonseca, filed a lawsuit against the Brazilian government. In 1980, the case was tried for the first time and the judge upheld the ban, claiming that the work incited violence. The ban was lifted in 1985, with the end of the military dictatorship, but the book only received a new edition in 1989, when Fonseca appealed and won the case in court.[48][49]
The unexpurgated United States edition was allowed to be imported by McClelland & Stewart in 1959.[51] The book's status as an obscene publication was not resolved until a ruling by the Supreme Court of Canada in 1962.[52]
Banned in Canada from 1945 to 1975 under the influence of Smart's family's political power due to its sexual documentation of Smart's affair with a married man.
Classified as "hate literature" in Canada and subsequently banned from import into the country.[58]
Lethal Marriage
Nick Pron
1995
True crime
Written by a newspaper reporter about the Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka case, this book allegedly contains inaccuracies, additionally, complaints were received by the St. Catharines library board from the mother of a victim that led to the book being removed from all public library branches in the city.[58] As recently as 1999 this book was still unavailable to public library patrons in St. Catherines.[58]
Importation was initially prohibited on publication in 2006. The prohibition was overturned in October 2006 after a formal appeal by the publisher to the Canada Border Services Agency determined the book was not legally obscene.[59]
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland was banned in the province of Hunan, China by the KMT's government, beginning in 1931, due to its portrayal of anthropomorphized animals which act with the same level of complexity as human beings. The censor General Ho Chien believed that attributing human language to animals was an insult to humans. He feared that the book would teach children to believe that humans and animals were on the same level, a result which would be "disastrous."[64]
"Denounced by the Communists and Nationalists alike, Mr. Shen saw his writings banned in Taiwan, while mainland [China] publishing houses burned his books and destroyed printing plates for his novels. .... So successful was the effort to erase Mr. Shen's name from the modern literary record that few younger Chinese today recognize his name, much less the breadth of his work. Only since 1978 has the Chinese Government reissued selections of his writings, although in editions of only a few thousand copies. .... In China, his passing was unreported."[65]
Gao Xingjian won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Literature for the book, however all of his works have been banned for having content critical of the CCP.[67][68]
Banned in 1990, and both the author and publishers were imprisoned for publishing it. The book includes information about atrocities committed by the Red Army during the siege of Changchun, the smuggling of opium by senior Party leader Wang Zhen during the Chinese Civil War, and claims that China's official description of the "Lin Biao affair" is inaccurate.[69][70]
Banned. Burned in the street and the publisher was shut down for three months because of its sexual and drug-related content, which has been accused of being "immoral" by the government. Other writers have accused the book of plagiarism.[82][83]
A novella in which the relationship between Chinese citizens and their government are metaphorically portrayed as a cognitively impaired man in extreme sexual situations with their mother.[91]
Banned for exploring peasant protests. Sold an estimated 7 million pirated copies, despite being almost immediately banned by China's propaganda department.[92]
It sold over 100,000 copies in Taiwan and 10,000 in Hong Kong in its first month of release, but discussion of her work was banned in mainland China following the book launch.[102]
Banned in Egypt and several other Arab states, and even resulted in a belated angry reaction from the clerics of Al-Azhar University upon reprinting in Egypt in the year 2000. The clerics issued a fatwa banning the novel, and accused Haidar of heresy and offending Islam. Al-Azhar University students staged huge protests against the novel, that eventually led to its confiscation.[114][115][116]
After appearing as a successful serial in the Revue de Paris Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary went on trial in France on January 30, 1857, for "offenses against public morals", but did not succeed in court.
This book, reviewing recipes for committing suicide, was the cause of a scandal in France in the 1980s, resulting in the enactment of a law prohibiting provocation to commit suicide and propaganda or advertisement of products, objects, or methods for committing suicide.[120] Subsequent reprints were thus illegal. The book was cited by name in the debates of the French National Assembly when examining the bill.[121]
An exemplary entry of a movie in the list of confiscated media in the official magazine "BPjMaktuell" (today "BzKJaktuell").
In today's Germany, a book is considered banned if it has been confiscated by a court. The distribution of a confiscated book is prohibited, but private possession and reading is still legal (with the exception of child and youth pornographic material, where possession is already a criminal offense).
The official list of confiscated books was published by the Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons (Bundeszentrale für Kinder- und Jugendmedienschutz) in the magazine "BzKJaktuell" until the beginning of 2022.
The list of confiscated books should not be confused with books on the "List of Media Harmful to Young Persons" (colloquially known as the "Index"). Books indexed by the Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons are subject to strict restrictions and may only be offered and sold to adults.[133]
List of books confiscated for violating Criminal Code 86, 86a, 130 or 130a
Confiscated by the Mannheim Regional Court in November 1994.[139] Unofficial title translation: Auschwitz - Confessions of Perpetrators and Eyewitnesses of the Holocaust
Confiscated by the Darmstadt Regional Court in March 2018.[143] Unofficial title translation: The Chemistry of Auschwitz - The Technology and Toxicology of Zyklon B and the Gas Chambers - A Crime Scene Investigation
Confiscated by the Weinheim Regional Court in September 1993.[148] Unofficial title translation: The Holocaust under scrutiny - eyewitness accounts versus natural laws
In Germany, the copyright of the book was held by the State Government of Bavaria, and the Bavarian authorities prevented any reprinting from 1945 onward. This did not affect existing copies, which were available as vintage books. In 2016, following the expiration of the copyright, Mein Kampf was republished in Germany for the first time since 1945 as a commented edition by the Institut für Zeitgeschichte.[152] An uncommented reprint was confiscated by the Forchheim Regional Court in October 2016 for Incitement of masses.[153][154] Annotated editions are not affected by the confiscation.
Confiscated by the Mannheim Regional Court in March 2007.[158] Unofficial title translation: Lectures on the Holocaust - Controversial Questions in Cross-Examination
Banned during the regime of Jorge Ubico along with anti-Hitler writings such as by those of Hermann Rauschning in order to encourage political neutrality in WWII.[160]
Banned in Indonesia in 1950, for containing "subversive" material, including an attempt to promote Marxist–Leninist thought and other Communist theories. As of 2006, the ban is still in effect.[162]
All Chinese literature
1967
Literature and Culture
Presidential Instruction No. 14/1967 (Inpress No. 14/1967) on Chinese Religion, Beliefs, and Traditions effectively banned any Chinese literature in Indonesia, including the prohibition of Chinese characters.
Banned by the Irish Parliament for contradicting the teaching of the Anglican Church. Copies of the book were burnt by the public hangman in Dublin.[165]
Banned in Ireland in 1958. The Irish Censorship of Publications Board was not obliged to reveal its reason but it is believed that it was rejected for its critique of Irish republicanism and the Catholic Church, and its depiction of adolescent sexuality.[17]
Banned in Japan (1988–2005) to quell "political threats to boycott Japanese cultural exports", although the pictures were not those of the original version.[178]
Banned preemptively in Malaysia for blasphemy.[182]
Rebirth: Reformasi, Resistance, and Hope in New Malaysia
Kean Wong
2020
Non- fiction
Banned for containing insulting elements to the Malaysian coat of arms which is likely to be prejudicial to public order, security, national interest, alarm public opinion and contrary to any law, and therefore is "absolutely prohibited throughout Malaysia".[183]
Gay is OK! A Christian Perspective(2013–2022)
Boon Lin Ngeo
2013
Non-fiction
Banned for attempting to promote homosexual culture in Malaysia, which goes against religious and cultural sensitivities in the country.[184]
In 2022, the ban was challenged through a judicial review petition in High Court of Kuala Lumpur. The court quashed the ban and ordered the Home Ministry of Malaysia to pay RM 5000 to the author.[185]
Peichi (Tamil: ''பேய்ச்சி'')
Ma. Naveen
2020
Novel
Banned for containing pornographic and immoral content.[186]
Notably, it was the first Tamil language publication to be banned in the country.
Banned in Morocco. This book is a biography of King Hassan and examines cases of torture, killing, and political imprisonment said to have been carried out by the Moroccan Government at his orders.[187]
Banned in Morocco. This book makes allegedly "defamatory" accusations of corruption against Mohammed VI of Morocco, after investigating the exponential growth of his wealth.[188][189]
Initially banned in New Zealand by Office of Film & Literature Classification since it was deemed to be objectionable.[194] In May 2008 an edited version of the book was allowed for sale if sealed and an indication of the censorship classification was displayed.
Banned in Nigeria because this three-volume memoirs of the former Nigerian president were highly critical of nearly everyone in Nigerian politics. The books were ordered to be seized by the High Court in Nigeria until a libel case had been heard in court.[196]
Banned in 2022 by the Commission on the Filipino Language (KWF) from public libraries and schools for being "anti-government". The works are previously published under the auspices of the KWF.[205]
The book was banned by the Portuguese government without any clear reason. According to the author, one possible reason was because he was from the "current of thought what claims that the discovery of Brazil happened 'by random'" or by the fact he "have registered the history of the 1600 years cut to the Arabian navy by Vasco da Gama".[207]
Banned as "pornographic and an offense to public morals"; authors charged with "abuse of the freedom of the press" and "outrage to public decency"; uplifted after the Carnation Revolution in 1974.[208]
Banned in the Roman Empire in the 330s+ for contradicting Trinitarianism. All of Arius writings were ordered burned and Arius exiled, and presumably assassinated for his writings.[212] Banned by the Catholic Church for the next thousand plus years.[citation needed]
Banned in Soviet Union since 1923 on proposal of Nadezhda Krupskaya. All works were placed on the list of forbidden books and kept in libraries only for restricted, authorized use.[215]
Completed in 1943, Orwell found that no publisher would print the book, due to its criticism of the USSR, an important ally of Britain in the War.[218] Once published, the book was banned in the USSR and other communist countries.[219]
Banned by the Soviet Union[127] in 1950, as Stalin understood that it was a satire based on his leadership. It was not until 1990 that the Soviet Union legalised the book and it was re-released after editing.[220]
Banned in the Soviet Union until 1988 for criticizing life in Russia after the Russian Revolution. When its author, Boris Pasternak, won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1958 he was forced to reject it under government pressure.[127]
After Nikita Khrushchev was removed from power in 1964, all extant and forthcoming works by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn were banned in the Soviet Union. This work details the lives of scientists forced to work in a Stalinist research center.[221]
Collection of articles, interviews, and documents that explore the various marginal aspects of culture. It was banned in Russia in July 2006 by court order for propaganda of drug use, owing to inclusion of David Woodard's essay "The Ketamine Necromance", after its first and only Russian publication by Ultra.Kultura (Ультра.Культура). All printed copies of that Russian edition were destroyed.
Currently banned in Saudi Arabia for suggesting the Hebrews originated in Yemen and their Israelite successors established their original pre-586 B.C.E. kingdoms of Israel and Judah between Medina and Yemen.[citation needed]
Banned from distribution within the South Korean military as part of 23 books banned on August 1, 2008 by the South Korean Ministry of National Defense in response to intelligence suggesting a book-distribution campaign to active-duty soldiers by the pro-North Korean Hanchongnyon.[242] The books were classified into three categories: 11 for praise of North Korea, 10 for anti-government/anti-American content, and 2 for anti-capitalism.[243][244]
Banned as part of 19 books added in August 2011 to the 2008 banned book list, all belonging to the 'anti-capitalism' category.[245]
Respect: Everything a Guy Needs to Know About Sex
Inti Chavez Perez
2020
Non-fiction
Banned from distribution to readers below the age of 19 through schools, libraries and book stores in 2024 by the South Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. The book was reported to authorities as part of a campaign against books on sex education.[246]
An expanded, Spanish-language translation of A Short History of the World, discussing recent world events, was banned by Spanish censors in 1940. This edition of A Short History was not published in Spain until 1963. In two 1948 reports, Spanish censors gave a list of objections to the books's publication. These were that the book "shows socialist inclinations, attacks the Catholic Church, gives a twisted interpretation of the Spanish Civil War and the Spanish National Movement, and contains 'tortuous concepts'."[250]
Banned by censors of Francoist Spain for its negative depiction of the Nationalist Faction during the Civil War, and its critique of the Franco regime.[259]
"Denounced by the Communists and Nationalists alike, Mr. Shen saw his writings banned in Taiwan, while mainland China publishing houses burned his books and destroyed printing plates for his novels."[261]
Banned in Thailand in 2006 for violating the country's lese-majesté rules through its discussion of the murder of Thailand's king in 1946.[262][further explanation needed]
In 2002, the novel was banned in the schools of the United Arab Emirates, because it contained text or images that would go against Islamic values, most notably an anthropomorphic, talking pig as the leader of the farm. However, the ban is no longer enforced and has been recently lifted.[162]
Banned in the UK 1985–1988 for revealing secrets. Wright was a former MI5 intelligence officer and his book was banned before it was even published in 1987.[275][276]
Banned in England in 1991 where it was found obscene; it is currently the last book to be banned in the UK. The judge ordered the remaining print run to be destroyed. The ban was lifted in the Appeal Court in July 1992 but the book remains out of print.[277]
Banned from US mail under the Federal Anti-Obscenity Act (Comstock Law) of 1873, which banned the sending or receiving of works containing "obscene", "filthy", or "inappropriate" material.[159]
Banned from US mail under the Federal Anti-Obscenity Act (Comstock Law) of 1873, which banned the sending or receiving of works containing "obscene", "filthy", or "inappropriate" material. U.S. obscenity laws were overturned in 1959 by the Supreme Court in Kingsley Pictures Corp. v. Regents.[280][281][159]
The first book banned in the New World. Pynchon, a prominent leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony who, in 1636, founded the City of Springfield, Massachusetts, wrote this explicit critique of Puritanism, published in London in 1650. That year, several copies made their way back to the New World. Pynchon, who resided in Springfield, was unaware that his book suffered the New World's first book burning, on the Boston Common. Accused of heresy by the Massachusetts General Court, Pynchon quietly transferred ownership of the Connecticut River Valley's largest land-holdings to his son, and then suffered indignities as he left the New World for England. It was the first work banned in Boston.[282]
Moll Flanders or The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders (1722)
Banned from US mail under the Federal Anti-Obscenity Act (Comstock Law) of 1873, which banned the sending or receiving of works containing "obscene", "filthy", or "inappropriate" material. U.S. obscenity laws were overturned in 1959 by the Supreme Court in Kingsley Pictures Corp. v. Regents.[280][281][283]
Banned in the US in 1821 for obscenity, then again in 1963. This was the last book ever banned by the US government. U.S. obscenity laws were overturned in 1959 by the Supreme Court in Kingsley Pictures Corp. v. Regents.[280][281][128] See also Memoirs v. Massachusetts.
Seized by US Customs in 1930 for obscenity. U.S. obscenity laws were overturned in 1959 by the Supreme Court in Kingsley Pictures Corp. v. Regents.[280][281][159]
Banned in Boston, Massachusetts, Kansas City, Missouri, Camden, New Jersey, and other US cities, this novel by Sinclair focused on religiosity and hypocrisy in the United States during the 1920s by depicting a preacher (the Reverend Dr. Elmer Gantry) as a protagonist who preferred easy money, alcohol, and "enticing young girls" to saving souls, while converting a traveling tent revival crusade into a profitable and permanent evangelical church and radio empire for his employers. Elmer Gantry also widely denounced from pulpits across the United States at the time of its initial publication. U.S. obscenity laws were overturned in 1959 by the Supreme Court in Kingsley Pictures Corp. v. Regents.[280][281][284][285]
Banned in the US in the 1930s until the early 1960s, seized by US Customs for sexually explicit content and vulgarity. The rest of Miller's work was also banned by the US.[286] Also banned in South Africa until the late 1980s.[287]
Was temporarily banned in many places in the US. In the state of California in which it was partially set, it was banned for its alleged unflattering portrayal of residents of the area.[288]
Available for free, but denied for sale as deceptive commercial speech, appeal affirmed in 2004.
Non-fiction
An injunction was issued by a US District Court in Nevada under 26 U.S.C.§ 7408 against Irwin Schiff and associates Cynthia Neun and Lawrence Cohen against the sale of this book by those persons as the court found that the information it contains is fraudulent.[294]
In 2013, 198 of 433 redactions of classified material reinstated. In 2015, testimony to Congress was permitted.
Memoir
In September 2010 the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) overrode the Army's January approval for publication. The DoD then purchased and destroyed all 9,500 first edition copies, citing concerns that it contained classified information which could damage national security. The publisher, St. Martin's Press,[295] in conjunction with the DoD created a second, redacted edition; which contains blacked out words, lines, paragraphs, and portions of the index.[296]
The author talked about his experience being imprisoned in a "Vietnamese Gulag" for "Anti-revolutionary propaganda"[313] The book was banned with all copies ordered to be destroyed following the Decision No. 395 Regulation of the then Ministry of Culture and Information for violating Clauses 1 and 2 of the Article 33, Publishing Law. Which prohibits works criticising the Vietnamese Communist Party and propaganda going against the interests of the state.[314][315][316]
Due to publications within Vietnam had refused to publish, the author decided to print himself and released it on Amazon. Although it has not been officially banned, the Vietnamese Government had seized and question those who had them.[317][318][319][320] This book was considered to be significant as it has provided insights that scholars had never seen before, while it had received a lot of criticism from Vietnamese state media.[321][322]
Banned in Vietnam for being "inappropriate, not objective, and containing unverified information" thus violating the Vietnamese Publishing Law, which tends to happen to the biographies of historical characters deemed to be "controversial"[Note 1] by the government.[323][324][325]
^Historical characters deemed "controversial" by the Communist Party of Vietnam tend to be those who are affiliated with the State of Vietnam
^Clarke, Tracey (September 11, 2013). "Another Country". National Archives of Australia. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
^"THE ANARCHIST COOKBOOK". Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts, Australian Classification. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
^ abc"Austria", in Green, Jonathon, and Karolides, Nicholas, J. Encyclopedia of Censorship. New York : Facts On File, 2005. ISBN9780816044641 (pgs. 36–38)
^Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 by Ayesha Jalal
^ abcdefghijklmnBald, Margaret (c. 2006). Banned Books: Literature Suppressed on Religious Grounds. New York, NY: Facts on File. pp. 291–300. ISBN0-8160-6269-2.
^Kumar, Girja (1997). The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism and Censorship in India. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN8124105251.
^"The Life of a Pervert". Toronto Daily Star. Toronto, ON. September 13, 1958.
^ abBritish Columbia Library Association Intellectual Freedom Committee (October 9, 2009). "Censorship in British Columbia: A History. 1950–1959". Vancouver, BC, Canada: British Columbia Library Association. Retrieved November 10, 2011.
^Farley, Helen (2017). "The Fluid Nature of Academic Freedom for Falun Gong Practitioners". Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review. 8 (2): 237–247. doi:10.5840/asrr201711241.
^Bald, Margaret (c. 2006). Banned Books : Literature Suppressed on cultural grounds. New York, NY: Facts on File. pp. 354–358. ISBN0-8160-6269-2.
^Ferris, Geoff (February 2002). "One Day of Life". Western Michigan University. Archived from the original on July 15, 2008. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
^ abAnne Lyon Haight, Banned books: informal notes on some books banned for various reasons at various times and in various places. R.R. Bowker, 1955(p. 60).
^Bernd-Ulrich Hergemöller; Nicolai Clarus, eds. (2010). "Burggraf, Waldfried". Mann für Mann: biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte von Freundesliebe und mannmännlicher Sexualität im deutschen Sprachraum (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 227. ISBN9783643106933. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
^Haight, Anne Lyon (1978). Banned books, 387 B.C. to 1978 A.D. New York : R.R. Bowker. p. 63. ISBN978-0-8352-1078-2. Retrieved February 4, 2021. The Jungle, 1906 [...] 1956 East Germany-Berlin: Sinclair's works banned as inimical to Communism
^Baker, Mona; Saldanha, Gabriela (September 20, 2019). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Routledge. ISBN978-1-317-39173-9. Retrieved February 4, 2021. [...] Upton Sinclair's [works] were forbidden in 1929 in Yugoslavia, in 1933 in Germany and in 1956 in East Germany.
^Wroe, Nicholas (January 5, 2002). "Ireland's rural elegist". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
^"Banned Publications", The Irish Times, Friday 19 November 1976 (pg. 4)
^"All Quiet on the Western Front", in Green, Jonathon, and Karolides, Nicholas, J. Encyclopedia of Censorship. New York : Facts On File, 2005. ISBN9780816044641 (pgs. 10–12)
^"Hemingway, Ernest", in Green, Jonathon, and Karolides, Nicholas, J. Encyclopedia of Censorship. New York : Facts On File, 2005. ISBN9780816044641 (pgs.231)
^Andor Csizmadia, Adam Franz Kollár und die ungarische rechtshistorische Forschung. 1982.
^"El Filibusterismo". scinet.dost.gov.ph. Science and Technology Information Network of the Philippines. Retrieved November 6, 2020. The novel along with its predecessor were banned in some parts of the Philippines as a result of their portrayals of the Spanish government's abuse and corruption.
^Ringelblum, Emanuel; Joseph Kermish; Shmuel Krakowski (1992). Polish-Jewish Relations During the Second World War. Northwestern University Press. p. 190. ISBN0-8101-0963-8.
^Zöler, Zöler (2018). Lobato Letrador: 3º passo [Lobato Literate 3º step] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Brasília: Tagori Editora. p. 357. ISBN9788553250356.
^Kramer, Jane (February 2, 1975). "The Three Marias". The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
^Zaccheus, Melody (April 2, 2019). "Parliament: Singapore has own approach to offensive speech". The Straits Times. Salman Rushdie's novel Satanic Verses was banned in 1989 – as a result of Singapore's mainstream Muslim community taking offence
^Patrick Bonner (ed.), Change and Continuity in Early Modern Cosmology. New York : Springer, ISBN9789400700376 (p. 44)
^David Thatcher Gies, The Cambridge history of Spanish literature New York : Cambridge University Press, 2009. ISBN9780521806183 (pg. 302)
^Herbert Rutledge Southworth, Spanish Publishing in Exile. New York, Bowker, 1940 (pg. 3)
^Patrick Parrinder and John S. Partington, The reception of H.G. Wells in Europe. London : Thoemmes continuum, 2005. ISBN9780826462534 (p.251)
^Gayle Rogers, Modernism and the new Spain : Britain, cosmopolitan Europe, and literary history.
New York : Oxford University Press, 2015. ISBN9780190207335 (pg.249).
^Alberto Lázaro, The Road from George Orwell : his achievement and legacy.Oxford : Peter Lang, 2001. ISBN9780820453378 (p. 78)
^Douglas Henry Laprade, Hemingway and Franco. (2007) ISBN9788437066950 (pp. 110–111)
^Lucía Pintado Gutiérrez and Alicia Castillo Villanueva, (eds.) New Approaches to Translation, Conflict and Memory : Narratives of the Spanish Civil War and the Dictatorship.Cham : Springer International Publishing : Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. ISBN9783030006983 (p. 96)
^" Franco's government censors immediately banned The Hive, which was published for the first time in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1951". "Camilo José Cela", in Michael Sollars, Arbolina Llamas Jennings, (eds.) The Facts on File Companion to the World Novel: 1900 to the Present. New York; Infobase Publishing, 2008 ISBN9781438108360 (p. 149)
^Prados, John; Meadows, Eddie; Burr, William; Evans, Michael (June 5, 2001). "The Pentagon Papers: Secrets, Lies, and Audiotapes". The National Security Archive. The George Washington University. Retrieved November 17, 2009.
^See also footnote 1, United States v. Schiff, 2008-1 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) paragr. 50,111 (9th Cir. 2007), citing United States v. Schiff, 379 F.3d 621, 630 (9th Cir. 2004), regarding the Court's finding that the book The Federal Mafia: How the Government Illegally Imposes and Unlawfully Collects Income Taxes constituted "fraudulent commercial speech."
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