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DreamWorks Pictures

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This article is about the original live-action studio. For the defunct television arm, see DreamWorks Television. For the animated counterpart, see DreamWorks Animation.

DreamWorks Pictures
DreamWorks SKG
Formerly
  • DreamWorks Distribution, LLC (1994–2006)
  • DreamWorks LLC (1994–2008)
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryFilm
PredecessorThe Geffen Film Company
FoundedOctober 12, 1994; 30 years ago (1994-10-12)
Founders
Headquarters100 Universal City Plaza,
Universal City, California, U.S.
Key people
ProductsTheatrical films
Number of employees
80 (2012)[1]
ParentViacom (2006–2008)
Amblin Partners (2015–present)
Divisions
Subsidiaries
Websiteamblin.com/movie/dreamworks/

DreamWorks Pictures (also known as DreamWorks SKG and formerly DreamWorks Studios, commonly referred to as DreamWorks, stylized as DREAMWORKS) is an American film studio and distribution label of Amblin Partners. It was originally founded on October 12, 1994, as a live-action film studio by Steven Spielberg, Jeffrey Katzenberg, and David Geffen (which together form the SKG of DreamWorks SKG), of which they owned 72%. The studio formerly distributed its own and third-party films. It has produced or distributed more than ten films with box-office grosses of more than $100 million each.

DreamWorks Pictures was sold to Viacom, parent of Paramount Pictures in February 2006 (this version is now named DW Studios). In 2008, DreamWorks announced its intention to end its partnership with Paramount and made a deal to produce films with India's Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group,[2] re-creating DreamWorks Pictures as an independent entity. The following year, DreamWorks entered into a distribution agreement with Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, wherein Disney would distribute DreamWorks films through the Touchstone Pictures label; the deal continued until August 2016. Since October 2016, Universal Pictures has distributed most of the films produced by DreamWorks Pictures. Currently, DreamWorks operates out of offices at Universal Studios Hollywood.

DreamWorks is also distinct from its former animation division of the same name, which was spun off in 2004 and became a subsidiary of NBCUniversal in 2016.[3] Spielberg's company continues to use the original DreamWorks trademarks under license from DreamWorks Animation.[4][5]

History

[edit]

DreamWorks SKG founding and Universal distribution

[edit]

The original company was founded following Jeffrey Katzenberg's resignation from The Walt Disney Company in 1994. Katzenberg approached Steven Spielberg and David Geffen about forming a live-action and animation film studio, which had not been done in decades due to the risk and expense, but all three were very successful. They agreed on three conditions: They would make fewer than nine movies a year, they would be free to work for other studios if they chose, and they would go home in time for dinner. They officially founded DreamWorks SKG on October 12, 1994, with financial backing of $33 million from each of the three partners[6] plus $500 million from Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, and $300 million from CJ Group heiress Miky Lee, giving the CJ Group an 11% stake in DreamWorks; the deal was also initially understood to include distribution rights to DreamWorks films across Asia excluding Japan, although CJ ultimately handled rights for only China, South Korea and Hong Kong, with all other international territories handled by United International Pictures.[7][8][9] Their new studio was based at offices on the Universal Studios lot, in the same bungalow as Amblin Entertainment. Despite access to sound stages and sets, DreamWorks preferred to film motion pictures on location. Usually, however, the company would film in a soundstage or set in a major studio.

In December 1994, DreamWorks Television was formed after DreamWorks agreed to a $200 million seven-year television production joint venture with Capital Cities/ABC.[10] The company was set up to produce series for broadcast networks, cable channels and first run syndication, with no first-look guarantee for ABC, but financial incentives favored the network.[11] Their first show, Champions, was scheduled as a mid-season replacement for ABC. Dan McDermott was named the division's chief executive in June 1995.[12] DreamWorks Television's first success was Spin City on ABC,[11] the parent company of which was bought by The Walt Disney Company in February 1996.[13] In 2002, the DreamWorks joint venture agreement with ABC ended. That agreement was replaced by a development agreement with NBC, with a first look clause.[11] In 2013, DreamWorks Television merged with Amblin Television.

In 1995, traditional animation artists from Amblimation joined the new studio, which led to DreamWorks buying part of Pacific Data Images, a company specializing in visual effects, and renaming it PDI/DreamWorks in 2000. Both were software divisions and would merge later on. By then, DreamWorks had the traditional animators working for their animation department, and the computer animators worked on CG films. Amblimation would be shut down in 1997, leading the staff to join DreamWorks Animation.[citation needed] The same year, DreamWorks Interactive, a computer and video game developer and joint venture between DreamWorks and Microsoft, was founded. On February 24, 2000, Electronic Arts announced the acquisition of DreamWorks Interactive and merged it with EA Pacific and Westwood Studios to form EA Los Angeles, later Danger Close Games.[citation needed]

In June 1995, DreamWorks announced that it had signed a $1 billion deal with MCA Inc. (then parent company of Universal Pictures) to distribute its theatrical releases in other countries and its home video releases worldwide over 10 years, while DreamWorks itself would distribute them for the company as a film production label in America.[14][15] MCA also bought a 2% stake in the company for $54 million.[16]

In 1996, the company's record label, DreamWorks Records, was founded, the first project of which was George Michael's album Older. The first band signed to the label was eels, who released their debut album Beautiful Freak that year. The record company never lived up to expectations, though, and was sold in October 2003 to Universal Music Group, which operated the label as DreamWorks Nashville. That label was shut down in 2005 when its flagship artist, Toby Keith, departed to form his own label.[17]

In 1997, DreamWorks Pictures released its first three feature films, The Peacemaker, a film about terrorism; Amistad, Spielberg's first film for the studio about an African slave rebellion and the aftermath of the massacre; and Mouse Hunt, the studio's first family film about two brothers trying to fight a mischievous mouse.[citation needed]

In 1998, the United States 9th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a lawsuit against DreamWorks for trademark infringement by Dreamwerks Production Group, Inc.,[18] a company mostly specializing in Star Trek conventions.[19] The same year, DreamWorks Animation produced its first full-length animated features, Antz and The Prince of Egypt, which were distributed by DreamWorks Pictures. DreamWorks Pictures continued to distribute DreamWorks Animation productions through their distribution name until 2004.

In 2000, DreamWorks was planning on building a studio backlot after buying 1,087 acres of land in the Playa Vista area in Los Angeles. It was to be complete with 18 sound stages, with many office buildings and a lake. There would also be new homes, schools, churches, and museums. The project was to be completed in 2001, but was cancelled for financial reasons.[20] Starting in 1999, DreamWorks won three consecutive Academy Awards for Best Picture for American Beauty, Gladiator and A Beautiful Mind (the latter two were co-productions with Universal Pictures). DreamWorks became the first new major Hollywood motion picture studio since RKO Pictures was founded in 1928. Go Fish Pictures, a division of DreamWorks with the objective to distribute art-house, independent and foreign films, was founded in 2000. The division experienced success with the anime films Millennium Actress (2003) and Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence (2004), respectively, which led them to venture into releasing live-action films, with the release of The Chumscrubber. However, The Chumscrubber was a commercial and critical failure, which led DreamWorks to shut down the division in 2007 shortly after the release of the Japanese film Casshern.[citation needed] In 2002, DreamWorks signed a deal with In Demand.[21]

For the period beginning October 1, 2004, to January 31, 2006, DreamWorks Pictures distributed its films in the North American domestic theatrical and worldwide television market, with international theatrical and worldwide home entertainment distribution by Universal Pictures.[22] On October 27, 2004, DreamWorks Animation was spun off into a separate public company.

David Geffen admitted that DreamWorks came close to bankruptcy twice. Under Katzenberg's watch, the studio suffered a $125 million loss on Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas,[23] and also overestimated the DVD demand for Shrek 2.[24] In 2005, out of their two large budget pictures, War of the Worlds was produced as a joint effort with Paramount Pictures which was the first to reap a significant amount of profits, while The Island bombed at the domestic box office but turned a profit internationally through Warner Bros. Pictures.[23]

Paramount ownership

[edit]

In December 2005, the original Viacom, the then-parent of Paramount Pictures, agreed to purchase the live-action studio, still keeping the original name and producing/distribution name. The deal was valued at approximately $1.6 billion, an amount that included about $400 million in debt assumptions.[25] The acquisition of the live-action DreamWorks studio was completed by the second iteration of Viacom, which had recently split from the original at the end of 2005, on February 1, 2006.[26]

On March 17, 2006, Viacom agreed to sell a controlling interest in the DreamWorks Pictures live-action library to Soros Strategic Partners and Dune Entertainment II.[27] The film library was valued at $900 million. Paramount Pictures retained the worldwide distribution rights to those films, as well as various ancillary rights, including music publishing (the music publishing rights were later licensed to Sony/ATV Music Publishing when the company acquired Viacom's Famous Music subdivision), sequels and merchandising. The sale was completed on May 8, 2006.[28] On February 8, 2010, Viacom repurchased Soros' controlling stake in the DreamWorks Pictures library for around $400 million.[29]

Reliance-Spielberg joint venture

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In June 2008, it was reported that DreamWorks was looking for financing that would allow it to continue operations, but as an independent production company, once its deal with Paramount ended later that year.[30] Several public equity funds were approached for financing, including Blackstone Group, Fuse Global, TPG Capital and several others, but all passed on the deal given their understanding of the Hollywood markets. On September 22, 2008, it was announced that DreamWorks closed a deal with Indian investment firm Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group to create a $1.2 billion stand-alone production company and end its ties with Paramount.[2] In January 2009, Spielberg entered a licensing agreement with DreamWorks Animation to use the DreamWorks trademarks, logo, and name for film productions and releases.[31]

On February 9, 2009, DreamWorks Pictures entered into a long-term, 30-picture distribution deal with Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, by which DreamWorks' films would be released through the Touchstone Pictures banner, with Disney collecting a 10 percent distribution fee.[32] The deal also included co-funding via a $175 million loan by Walt Disney Studios to DreamWorks for production and access to slots in Disney's pay television agreement, then with Starz.[32] The agreement was reported to have come after negotiations broke off with Universal Pictures just days earlier.[33] DreamWorks raised $325 million from Reliance Entertainment and an additional $325 million in debt in 2009.[1] On August 18, 2009, DreamWorks and Reliance signed a three-year, $825 million pact for up to six films a year.[34]

DreamWorks' slate of films in 2011, I Am Number Four, Cowboys & Aliens, and Fright Night failed, while The Help, Real Steel and Spielberg's War Horse had success at the box office. This left DreamWorks so financially drained that by 2011, the company was seeking additional funding from Reliance. Reliance gave a $200 million investment on April 10, 2012. Under the deal, DreamWorks Pictures scaled back production to three films per year and sought co-financiers on big budget films, such as 20th Century Fox, who co-financed and handled international distribution for Lincoln and Bridge of Spies. The company continued to have Disney distribute and market their films.[1] On August 29, 2012, after re-negotiating their agreement with Disney, DreamWorks formed a deal with Mister Smith Entertainment to distribute its films internationally, while Disney would continue to distribute in North America, Latin America, Australia, Russia, and some territories in Asia.[35]

Amblin Partners venture

[edit]

On September 2, 2015, it was reported that DreamWorks and Disney would not renew their distribution deal, which was set to expire in August 2016,[36][37] with The Light Between Oceans being released in September as the final DreamWorks film distributed by Disney under their original distribution agreement.[38] During that time, DreamWorks was in early negotiations with Universal Pictures to distribute its upcoming films.[36][37] The contract allowing Spielberg to license the DreamWorks name and logo from Jeffrey Katzenberg's DreamWorks Animation was set to expire on January 1, 2016, leading to media speculation that Spielberg would not renew the pact.[31] Disney retained the film rights to the fourteen DreamWorks films it released,[39] as well as acquiring the "DreamWorks II Distribution Co. LLC" copyright from DreamWorks and Reliance on December 11, 2015.[40][41]

On December 16, 2015, Spielberg, Reliance, Entertainment One and Participant Media partnered to launch the content production company Amblin Partners,[42] relegating DreamWorks to a brand for adult-themed films produced under the new company.[42][43] In addition to DreamWorks, the new company also would produce films under the Amblin Entertainment and Participant banners. On the same day, Amblin Partners announced a five-year distribution deal with Universal, under which the company's films would be distributed and marketed by either the main Universal label or its specialty label, Focus Features.[44][45] The Girl on the Train was the first film released under the new agreement,[39] though a few films, like Ghost in the Shell and The Post were released by Paramount Pictures and 20th Century Fox respectively.

[edit]

Original

[edit]

The original DreamWorks logo features a boy sitting on a crescent moon with a fishing rod at night. The general idea for the logo was the idea of the company's founder, Steven Spielberg, who wanted a CGI image. Illustrator Robert Hunt was commissioned to execute the idea as a painting, and he used his son as the model.[46] The logo was then turned into a motion graphic at Industrial Light & Magic, in collaboration with Kaleidoscope Films, Dave Carson and Clint Goldman.[47] It was animated by ILM animation supervisor Wes Takahashi.[48][49] Music accompanying the logo to start in many live-action DreamWorks films was specially composed by John Williams.

Animation

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Further information: DreamWorks Animation § Logo

The reimagined animation logo had music adapted from the track "Fairytale" for Shrek, based on the children's picture book of the same name by author William Steig. The logo was composed by Harry Gregson-Williams and made its debut in 2004, with the release of Shrek 2, a film which Gregson-Williams also composed. Two years after its acquisition by Universal Pictures in 2016, the logo received a new fanfare composed by John Powell and incorporate some cues from Shrek 2 and tones from Williams' original DreamWorks fanfare to create the music for the logo. The new fanfare debuted in 2019, with the release of How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World, a film for which Powell also composed. In 2022, Harry Gregson-Williams returned to composed a new version of the fanfare, with the debut of Puss in Boots: The Last Wish.

DreamWorks Home Entertainment

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DreamWorks Home Entertainment
Company typeDivision
IndustryHome video
PredecessorCIC Video (1998–1999)
FoundedMarch 10, 1998; 26 years ago (1998-03-10) (original)
2011; 13 years ago (2011) (revival)
Defunct2009; 15 years ago (2009) (original)
FateFolded into Paramount Home Entertainment (DW Studios, LLC catalog)
Physical media operations transferred to Studio Distribution Services. Its labels remain in use on SDS-distributed releases. (DreamWorks II Distribution Co., LLC, Storyteller Distribution Co., LLC and DreamWorks Animation catalogs)
SuccessorParamount Home Entertainment (2009–present, DWS catalog)
DreamWorks Animation Home Entertainment
(2006–2018, DWA catalog)[a]
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment[b] (2011–2024, DWIIDC catalog)
Universal Pictures Home Entertainment (2016–2021, SDC catalog; 2019–2021, DWA catalog)
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment (2024, DWIIDC catalog via WDSHE)
Studio Distribution Services (2021–present, SDC and DWA catalogs; 2024–present for DWIIDC catalog via SPHE/WDSHE)
Headquarters
Universal City, California
,
United States
Area served
Worldwide
ProductsHome video
Number of employees
80 (2012) Edit this on Wikidata
ParentDreamWorks Pictures (1998–2006)
Paramount Home Entertainment (2006–2009)
Distribution partners: Universal Pictures Home Entertainment (1998–2006, DWS and DWA catalogs; 2016–2021, SDC catalog; 2019–2021, DWA catalog)
Paramount Home Entertainment (2006–present, DWS catalog)
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment[b] (2011–2024, DWIIDC catalog)
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment (2024, DWIIDC catalog via WDSHE)
Studio Distribution Services (2021–present, SDC and DWA catalogs; 2024–present for DWIIDC catalog via SPHE/WDSHE)

DreamWorks Home Entertainment was a home media unit of DreamWorks Pictures and banner for other home media units, formed on March 10, 1998. Its releases were first distributed by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment (then known as Universal Studios Home Entertainment and initially through CIC Video internationally). After DreamWorks Pictures was purchased by Paramount Pictures on February 1, 2006, DreamWorks Home Entertainment was merged into Paramount Home Entertainment and started being used as a label for films released under the live-action DreamWorks banner until it was shuttered in 2009 after when DreamWorks spun itself off from Paramount and became an independent company.

Their releases are currently distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment for the DW Studios, LLC catalog (with some catalogues - including Small Soldiers - currently licensed out overseas including the United Kingdom) and Studio Distribution Services, a joint venture between Universal Pictures Home Entertainment and Warner Bros. Home Entertainment, via UPHE for the Storyteller Distribution Co., LLC and DreamWorks Animation catalogs, who released those catalogs on home video from 2016 to 2021 and 1999 to 2006/2019 to 2021, respectively, and through a distribution deal with Sony Pictures Home Entertainment for the DreamWorks II Distribution Co., LLC catalog via Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment,[b] who released that catalog on home video very briefly in 2024 after Disney released it from 2011 to 2024.

Filmography

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Main article: List of DreamWorks Pictures films

Film series

[edit]
Title Release date No. Films Notes
The Prince of Egypt 1998–2000 2 co-production with DreamWorks Animation
Meet the Parents 2000–04 co-production with Universal Pictures
Shrek 2001–04 co-production with DreamWorks Animation
The Ring 2002–05
Anchorman 2004
Transformers 2007–09 co-production with Paramount Pictures

Highest-grossing films

[edit]
Highest-grossing films in North America[50]
Rank Title Year Box office gross
1 Shrek 2 2004 $441,226,247
2 Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen 2009 $402,111,870
3 Transformers 2007 $319,246,193
4 Meet the Fockers 2004 $279,261,160
5 Shrek 2001 $267,665,011
6 War of the Worlds 2005 $234,280,354
7 Cast Away 2000 $233,632,142
8 Saving Private Ryan 1998 $216,540,909
9 Madagascar 2005 $193,595,521
10 Gladiator 2000 $187,705,427
11 Lincoln 2012 $182,207,973
12 A Beautiful Mind 2001 $170,742,341
13 The Help 2011 $169,708,112
14 Meet the Parents 2000 $166,244,045
15 Catch Me If You Can 2002 $164,606,800
16 Shark Tale 2004 $161,412,000
17 1917 2019 $159,227,644
18 What Lies Beneath 2000 $155,464,351
19 Deep Impact 1998 $140,464,664
20 Minority Report 2002 $132,072,926
21 American Beauty 1999 $130,058,047
22 The Ring 2002 $129,094,024
23 Seabiscuit 2003 $120,277,854
24 Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events 2004 $118,634,549
25 Blades of Glory 2007 $118,594,548
Highest-grossing films worldwide[51]
Rank Title Year Box office gross
1 Shrek 2 2004 $935,454,538
2 Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen 2009 $836,519,699
3 Transformers 2007 $709,709,780
4 War of the Worlds 2005 $603,873,119
5 Madagascar $542,063,846
6 Meet the Fockers 2004 $522,657,936
7 Shrek 2001 $491,812,794
8 Saving Private Ryan 1998 $485,035,045
9 Gladiator 2000 $465,390,350
10 Cast Away $427,632,142
11 1917 2019 $384,579,472
12 Shark Tale 2004 $374,583,879
13 Minority Report 2002 $358,372,926
14 American Beauty 1999 $356,258,047
15 Catch Me If You Can 2002 $355,612,291
16 Deep Impact 1998 $349,464,664
17 Meet the Parents 2000 $330,443,045
18 Green Book 2018 $321,752,485
19 A Beautiful Mind 2001 $317,668,058
20 Real Steel 2011 $299,268,508
21 What Lies Beneath 2000 $291,420,351
22 Lincoln 2012 $275,293,450
23 The Ring 2002 $249,348,933
24 A.I. Artificial Intelligence 2001 $235,926,552
25 Chicken Run 2000 $227,793,915

Primary owners and distributors

[edit]

Theatrical distributors

[edit]

Home entertainment distributors

[edit]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b Released by Paramount Home Entertainment from 2006–2012 and by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment from 2013–2018.
  2. ^ a b c d Released under the Touchstone Home Entertainment label.
  3. ^ Released under the Touchstone Pictures label.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Fritz, Ben (April 10, 2012). "DreamWorks Studios stays alive with new $200-million infusion". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  2. ^ a b "DreamWorks completes deal with Reliance ADA". Reuters. September 22, 2008. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  3. ^ "Comcast's NBCUniversal completes purchase of DreamWorks Animation". Los Angeles Times. August 23, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  4. ^ ex99-1. Sec.gov. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
  5. ^ Dreamworks Animation – Current Report Archived August 23, 2013, at archive.today. Investor.shareholder.com (December 7, 2011). Retrieved 2013-08-24.
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  7. ^ "Dreamworks East Miky Lee Hitches Her Star to Hollywood's Red-Hot Trio". Fortune. October 28, 1996. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
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  9. ^ Groves, Don (September 30, 1998). "'Impact' rises to $200 mil". Variety. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
  10. ^ McClellan, Steve. (December 5, 1994). "ABC makes high-profile production leap". Broadcasting & Cable. 1994. HighBeam Research. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
  11. ^ a b c Kunz, William M. (2007). "2". Culture Conglomerates: Consolidation in the Motion Picture and Television Industries. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 49, 50. ISBN 978-0-7425-4066-8. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  12. ^ Hofmeister, Sallie (June 20, 1995). "Company Town : Fox Executive Dan McDermott Named to Head DreamWorks SKG Television". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
  13. ^ Fabrikant, Geraldine. "The Media Business; Disney and ABC Shareholders Solidly Approve Merger Deal". January 5, 1996. The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
  14. ^ Fabrikant, Geraldine (June 14, 1995). "The Media Business; MCA to Distribute Dreamworks' Films Abroad". The New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  15. ^ Horn, John (June 13, 1995). "MCA Makes Huge Deal With DreamWorks Studio". AP News. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  16. ^ Bates, James; Eller, Claudia (June 14, 1995). "DreamWorks, MCA Ally on Distribution : Entertainment: Each firm will split profits for the film- music deal worth $1 billion over 10 years, Seagram says". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
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  24. ^ DVD: doom, gloom or boom?, CNN
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  28. ^ Viacom to Sell DreamWorks Film Library. The New York Times. Associated Press. March 18, 2006. Retrieved July 20, 2009.
  29. ^ Fixmer, Andy (February 11, 2010). "Viacom Acquires Soros Stake in Films for $400 Million (Update3)". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  30. ^ Anne Thompson (June 26, 2008). "DreamWorks considers indie future". Variety.
  31. ^ a b McClintock, Pamela (September 24, 2015). "Will Steven Spielberg Drop the DreamWorks Name?". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
  32. ^ a b Eller, Claudia (February 10, 2009). "DreamWorks gets Disney cash in distribution deal". Los Angeles Times.
  33. ^ Graser, Marc; Tatiana Siegel (February 9, 2009). "Disney signs deal with DreamWorks". Variety (magazine). Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  34. ^ "DreamWorks signs film financing deal with Reliance". The Indian Express.
  35. ^ Fritz, Ben (August 29, 2012). "DreamWorks replaces Disney with new international partner". Los Angeles Times.
  36. ^ a b Masters, Kim (September 2, 2015). "Steven Spielberg's DreamWorks to Split From Disney, in Talks With Universal (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
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  38. ^ "DreamWorks Studios, Participant Media, Reliance Entertainment and Entertainment One Form Amblin Partners, a New Film, Television and Digital Content Creation Company" (Press release). Business Wire. Universal City, California. December 16, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2015. Film projects in various stages of production include: 'The BFG' and 'The Light Between Oceans,' scheduled for release by Disney in 2016.
  39. ^ a b McClintock, Pamela; Gregg Kilday (December 16, 2015). "Steven Spielberg, Jeff Skoll Team to Form Amblin Partners, Strike Distribution Deal With Universal". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
  40. ^ "20160358: The Walt Disney Company; Steven Spielberg". Federal Trade Commission. December 11, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  41. ^ "20160359: The Walt Disney Company; Anil D. Ambani". Federal Trade Commission. December 11, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  42. ^ a b "Steven Spielberg's DreamWorks Relaunches as Amblin Partners". The Wall Street Journal. December 16, 2015. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
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  44. ^ Lang, Brent (December 16, 2015). "Steven Spielberg, Jeff Skoll Bring Amblin Partners to Universal". Variety. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
  45. ^ Busch, Anita (December 16, 2015). "It's Official: Spielberg, DreamWorks, Participant, eOne, Others Pact For Amblin Partners". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
  46. ^ Wook Kim (September 24, 2015). "10 Movie Studio Logos and the Stories Behind Them". Time. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  47. ^ "The Stories Behind Hollywood Studio Logos". Neatorama. December 3, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  48. ^ "Subject: Wes Ford Takahashi". Animators' Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on August 12, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  49. ^ "Digital Arts Faculty". International Technological University. Archived from the original on August 12, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
  50. ^ "All Time Domestic Box Office for Dreamworks SKG Movies". The Numbers.
  51. ^ "All Time Worldwide Box Office for Dreamworks SKG Movies". The Numbers.
  52. ^ Rubin, Rebecca (February 20, 2024). "Disney Strikes Deal for Sony to Take Over Its DVD, Blu-ray Disc Business". Variety. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
  53. ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Disney & Sony Ink Deal for Sony to Take Over Disney's Physical Media Production, Disney Movie Club to Shut Down as a Result". The Digital Bits. February 20, 2024. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
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