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Kevin Roche

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For the Australian rules footballer, see Kevin Roche (footballer).

Kevin Roche
FAIA
Born
Eamonn Kevin Roche

(1922-06-14)June 14, 1922
Dublin, Ireland
DiedMarch 1, 2019(2019-03-01) (aged 96)
Guilford, Connecticut, U.S.
Nationality
  • Irish
  • American
Alma mater
OccupationArchitect
Awards
PracticeKevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates
Buildings
WebsiteKevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates

Eamonn Kevin Roche FAIA (June 14, 1922 – March 1, 2019) was an Irish-born American Pritzker Prize-winning architect. Kevin Roche was the archetypal modernist and "member of an elite group of third generation modernist architects — James Stirling, Jorn Utzon, and Robert Venturi — and is considered to be the most logical and systematic designer of the group. He and his partner John Dinkeloo of the firm KRJDA produced over a half-century of matchless creativity."[1]

Roche and Dinkeloo were responsible for the design/master planning of over 200 built projects in both the U.S. and abroad. These projects include 8 museums, 38 corporate headquarters, 7 research facilities, performing arts centers, theaters, and campus buildings for six universities. In 1967 he created the master plan for the Metropolitan Museum of Art and thereafter designed all of the new wings and installation of many collections, including the reopened American[2] and Islamic wings.

Born in Dublin and a graduate from University College Dublin,[3] Roche went to the United States to study with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe at the Illinois Institute of Technology. In the U.S., he became the principal designer for Eero Saarinen and opened his own architectural firm in 1967.

Among other awards, Roche received the Pritzker in 1982,[4] the Gold Medal Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1990, and the AIA Gold Medal in 1993.[5][6]

Biography

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Early life

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On the M8 with the Galty Mountains by Mitchelstown, County Cork
Main Street, Mitchelstown, County Cork

Roche was born in Dublin, Ireland, during one of the most tumultuous periods in Irish history: the Irish Civil War. Eamon Roche, Kevin's father, had been jailed twice for "revolutionary activities".[7] Kevin was born during his father's second imprisonment.[8][1] After Eamon was released from prison, he moved his family far away from war-torn Dublin to the pastoral hamlet of Mitchelstown in southwestern Ireland. Situated at the foothills of the Galtee Mountain Range, Roche's upbringing was anything but typical. It was forged by Eamon's keen managerial oversight of the Mitchelstown Dairy Co-operative in which Kevin worked alongside his father as dairy farmers. Eamon Roche successfully annexed all the surrounding dairy cooperatives, forging them into the largest in southwest Ireland.[8][1] Later, the creamery was bought out by KerryGold Creamery.

Roche's life-changing moment came when his father asked him to design a warehouse to store the cheese that the dairy farms produced. Seeing his natural abilities unfold, Eamon enrolled the young Roche in a secondary school in Cashel, County Tipperary called Rockwell College. It is a well-known school in Ireland where Éamon de Valera, one of the Republic of Ireland's founding fathers, once taught mathematics. While Roche attended Rockwell College, his interest in architecture came about after reading a book by the English architect John Ruskin, The Seven Lamps of Architecture.[1] He recalled that the book "was not the easiest to read but was very interesting".[8]

University and early career

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In 1940, Kevin returned to Dublin to continue his interest in architecture at University College of Dublin, or UCD. His first architectural drawing was of a pig enclosure composed of concrete blocks.[9] Though initially trained in German Beaux Arts, this gave way to modernism and post-modernism interests. After graduating from UCD in 1945, Roche made the circuit with practically every well-known modernist of architecture:[7][8] Michael Scott in Dublin from 1945 to 1946, Maxwell Fry in London from summer to fall of 1946, then Mies van der Rohe and Ludwig Hilberseimer at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1948.[7]

After less than one year at IIT, Roche did not have enough money to continue for a second year. Since he could not receive his master's degree without funds, he instead thought of putting his architectural skills to practical use. In 1949, he moved to New York City and "badgered the UN Planning Office for a job".[1] He was hired at the planning office for the United Nations Headquarters building in New York City. He began working on the United Nations complex at the firm of Harrison & Abramovitz and stayed on for eight months. During Christmas of 1950, he left to visit his family back in Ireland, but when he returned, his job had been eliminated.[8]

Penniless and uncertain of his future in the United States, Roche contemplated returning home to Ireland. But an architect at the UN, sympathetic to his plight, recommended he call the firm of Saarinen, Swanson, and Associates, where the 83-year-old Eliel Saarinen still practiced in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. The firm's famous father was complemented by the family's talent: second wife Loja, son (Eero), and daughter (Pipsan).[8] The firm had said that Eero Saarinen would be going to New York to interview prospective candidates. After spending an evening at New York's famous Stork Club with a cousin from Ireland, Roche was unexpectedly called for an interview the following morning. Roche went to the interview, and as Saarinen was talking to him, Roche had fallen asleep. Roche recalls that Saarinen was still talking when he awoke, and was nonetheless hired.[1] He moved to Michigan and began working for the firm, which had undergone a name change to be known as Eero Saarinen and Associates (ESA).[8]

Eero Saarinen & Associates, Michigan

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Roche at ESA, 1951

"The office was quite disorganised...so I fell into the role of taking over the projects and organising them."

Kevin Roche – Architecture as Environment, Pelkonen 2011

After his father Eliel died, Eero Saarinen moved up to assume directorship. In 1950, Roche joined the firm.[10] His future partner, John Dinkeloo (1918-1991), joined the firm in 1951 after he had left the architectural form of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in Chicago. They became lifelong friends and business partners. There, Roche also met his future wife, Jane Claire Tuohy, with whom he eventually had five children. In 1954, he became the Principal Design Associate to Saarinen and assisted him on all projects from that time until Saarinen's death in September 1961.

Roche (right) with Eero Saarinen in the 1950s

Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates

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Later, Roche and Dinkeloo moved the practice to Hamden, Connecticut. Saarinen's firm morphed into Roche-Dinkeloo Associates or KRJDA.[11] Today, the firm continues on as Roche Modern,[12] where Roche's son, Eamon, is currently managing director. Thus, Roche and Dinkeloo laid the groundwork for the preeminent architectural firm which has been coined the "poster child architectural firm of corporate America".[13]

In 1966, Roche and Dinkeloo formed Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates and completed Saarinen's projects. They completed twelve major unfinished Saarinen builds, including some of Saarinen's best-known work: the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, the expressionistic TWA Flight Center at JFK International Airport in New York City, Dulles International Airport outside Washington, D.C., the strictly modern John Deere Headquarters in Moline, Illinois, and the CBS Headquarters building in New York City.[14]

Following this, Roche and Dinkeloo's first major commission was the Oakland Museum of California, a complex for the art, natural history, and cultural history of California with a design featuring interrelated terraces and roof gardens.[15] The city was planning a monumental building to house natural history, technology, and art, and Roche provided a unique concept: a building that is a series of low-level concrete structures covering a four block area, on three levels, the terrace of each level forming the roof of the one below, i.e. a museum (in three sections) with a park on its roof. This kind of innovative solution went on to become Roche's trademark.

This project was followed by the equally highly acclaimed Ford Foundation Building in New York City, considered the first large-scale architectural building in the U.S. to devote a substantial portion of its space to horticultural pursuits. Its famous atrium was designed with the notion of having urban green-space accessible to all and is an early example of the application of environmental psychology in architecture. The building was recognized in 1968 by Architectural Record as "a new kind of urban space".[16]

Kevin Roche

"Architecture is a local language and a universal language. Ultimately, a great building touches both, so that artist, and common man, understand it without being conscious of it. It is interwoven. That is great architecture."

Kevin Roche, 1985

The acclaim that greeted the Oakland Museum and Ford Foundation earned Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates a ranking at the top of their profession. Shortly afterward they began a 40-year association with the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, for which they did extensive remodeling and built many extensions to house new galleries including the one containing the Egyptian Temple of Dendur. Other high-profile commissions for the firm came from clients as varied as Wesleyan University, the United Nations, Cummins Engines, Union Carbide, The United States Post Office, and the Knights of Columbus.

In 1982, Kevin Roche became one of the first recipients of the Pritzker Prize, generally regarded as architecture's equivalent to the Nobel prize. Following this accolade, Roche's practice went global, receiving commissions for buildings in Paris, Madrid, Singapore, and Tokyo. He completed his first and only Irish project, The Convention Centre Dublin, in 2010.

Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates has designed numerous corporate headquarters, office buildings, banks, museums, art centers, and even part of the Bronx Zoo. Roche served as a trustee of the American Academy in Rome, president of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, a member of the National Academy of Design, and a member of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts.[17]

Kevin Roche – March 1989

Roche died on March 1, 2019, at his home in Guilford, Connecticut, aged 96.[18]

Prizes and awards

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The work of Kevin Roche has been the subject of special exhibitions at the Museum of Modern Art, the Architectural Association of Ireland in Dublin, and the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. A 2012 exhibition, Kevin Roche: Architecture as Environment, opened at the Yale School of Architecture in New Haven, Connecticut, and has been viewed at The Museum of the City of New York, the Building Museum in Washington, and the University of Toronto.

In addition to the Pritzker Prize, Roche was the recipient of numerous honors and awards including the American Institute of Architects Gold Medal Award, the American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal Award for Architecture, and the French Academie d'Architecture Grand Gold Medal.

Film

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A feature documentary called Kevin Roche: The Quiet Architect was released in 2017. It was directed by Irish filmmaker (and former architecture student) Mark Noonan.

Buildings

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One UN Plaza depicting Roche-Dinkeloo's signature modernist design, showing chamfers or slant backs on northern and southern faces (1975).
The Head Office for Bouygues SA Holding company received the “Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE)” which is the highest certification for environmental quality in building design in France.
Headquarters for Santander Central Hispano located in Madrid, Spain.
New American Wing for Twentieth Century Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
The continuous glass wall at Lucent Technologies in Nuremberg, Germany wraps around the complex to create a unified street facade.
Ford Foundation Headquarters
The DN Tower 21 in Tokyo, Japan.

Awards and honors

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Roche was the recipient of numerous honors and awards, including:

Honorary Degrees:

Further reading

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Articles
  • Currey, Mason. “Rediscovered Masterpiece: Ford Foundation”, Metropolis (December 2008), pp. 90–104
  • McMillan, Elizabeth. “Kevin Roche: Pritzker Prize Winner”, Veranda (October 2007), pp. 150–158, 241.
  • Lee, Sangleem. “Kevin Roche”, Space (July 2006); pp. 159–181.
  • Langan, Sheila. "Kevin Roche: America’s Irish Architect", Irish America Magazine (April/May 2012) pp. 52–56.
Special magazine editions
  • Nakamura, Toshio. Kevin Roche, Architecture and Urbanism (A+U) Extra Edition, Tokyo, Japan: The Japan Architect Co. Ltd. Yoshio Yoshida, Publisher, 1987
  • Hozumi, Toshio et al. Latest Works of Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates, Architecture & Urbanism, (A+U), No. 211, Tokyo, Japan: The Japan Architect Co., Ltd., April, 1988, No.211.
  • Hara, Hiroshi and Nobutaka Ashira. America's New Architectural Wave: The Architect Kevin Roche's Appearance on The Scene, SD Space Design No. 63, A Monthly Journal of Art & Architecture, Tokyo, Japan: January 1970.
  • Miller, Nory. Roche Dinkeloo, General Foods Headquarters, Texas Christian University Visual Arts Center, One Summit Square, Deere Financial Services Hdqrs., & Kevin Roche Interview Global Architecture, GA Document 9, A.D.A. EDITA Tokyo Co., Ltd., February 1984.
  • Futagawa, Yukio. Roche Dinkeloo, 6 High Rise Projects Deutsche Bank, J. P. Morgan, Design for Two Buildings in Denver, Dallas Competition, High Rise Study in Houston]. Global Architecture, GA Document 12. Tokyo, Japan: A.D.A. EDITA Tokyo Co., Ltd., January 1985.
  • Miller, Nory. Roche Dinkeloo Cummins Engine Company Corporate Office Building, Columbus Indiana & Conoco Inc. Petroleum Headquarters, Global Architecture, GA Document 14, editing and publishing by Yukio Futagawa, A.D.A. EDITA Tokyo Co., Ltd., photographs, RETORIA: Y. Futagawa & Associated Photographers, December 1985.
  • Futagawa, Yukio. Roche Dinkeloo, Bouygues Headquarters,Global Architecture, GA Document 22. Tokyo, Japan: A.D.A. EDITA Tokyo Co., Ltd., January 1989.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Pelkonen, Eeva-Liisa; John-Alder, Kathleen; Stern, Robert Arthur Morton; Pantelidou, Olga; Sadighian, David (2011). Kevin Roche: architecture as environment. New Haven: Yale university press. pp. 9–58. ISBN 978-0-300-15223-4. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
  2. ^ Cotter, Holland (January 15, 2012). "The Met Reimagines the American Story". The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
  3. ^ "In Memoriam Kevin Roche: 1922 - 2019". www.ucd.ie. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
  4. ^ Goldberger, Paul (April 15, 1982). "Kevin Roche Wins Pritzker Prize in Architecture". The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
  5. ^ Ayoubi, Ayda (March 4, 2019). "AIA Gold Medalist Kevin Roche Dies at 96". www.architectmagazine.com. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
  6. ^ "Kevin Roche AIA Gold Medal Awarded In 1993". Edubilla.com. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
  7. ^ a b c Roche, Kevin; Dal Co, Francesco (1985). Kevin Roche (1st ed.). New York: Rizzoli International Publications. pp. 7–93. ISBN 0-8478-0680-4. Retrieved May 14, 2024. When [my father] was released from jail he joined the dairy cooperative movement in a small town where he became an ambitious manager.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Weaver, Thomas; Roche, Kevin (2015). "Kevin Roche 'in Conversation with' Thomas Weaver."". Architectural Association School of Architecture. 71: 30-47. JSTOR 43687066. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
  9. ^ "In Memoriam Kevin Roche: 1922 - 2019". University College Dublin. Dublin, Ireland. March 4, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2024. The young Roche, years later as an architecture student at UCD in the mid-1940s, designed his first building: a piggery, shaped out of concrete blocks.
  10. ^ "An Irish starchitect: the iconic buildings that have made Kevin Roche's reputation". The Irish Times. April 9, 2011.
  11. ^ "History | KRJDA Archive". www.krjda.com. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  12. ^ "Firm". Roche Modern. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  13. ^ Kerr, Ron; Robinson, Sarah K.; Elliott, Carole (April 2, 2016). "Modernism, Postmodernism, and corporate power: historicizing the architectural typology of the corporate campus". Management & Organizational History. 11 (2): 123–146. doi:10.1080/17449359.2016.1141690. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
  14. ^ "Architecture Award to Kevin Roche". The New York Times. December 14, 1992. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
  15. ^ "Museums". RocheDinkeloo. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  16. ^ Barnett, Jonathan (February 1968). "Innovation and Symbolism on 42nd Street" (PDF). Architectural Record. pp. 105–112.
  17. ^ Luebke, Thomas, ed. (2013). Civic Art: A Centennial History of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts. p. 553. ISBN 978-0-1608-9702-3. OCLC 768168746.
  18. ^ Goldberger, Paul (March 2, 2019). "Kevin Roche, Architect Who Melded Bold With Elegant, Dies at 96". The New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  19. ^ "K of C Headquarters Stands Tall for Half a Century". Columbia. August 2019. p. 7.
  20. ^ Goldberger, Paul (November 29, 1987). "Kevin Roche Finishes a Trio And Changes His Tune". The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
  21. ^ "Kevin Roche Honored For Redesign of Zoo". The New York Times. September 30, 1989. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
  22. ^ Vogel, Carol (January 5, 2012). "Grand Galleries for National Treasures". The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
  23. ^ Yudell, Leslie (June 16, 2009). "Newsmakers: Kevin Roche and Morrison Heckscher". Architectural Record. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
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