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Shenyang J-6

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J-6/F-6
A J-6 fighter flight display at the 2010 Zhuhai Air Show
General information
TypeFighter aircraft
ManufacturerShenyang Aircraft Corporation[1]
StatusIn service
Primary usersPeople's Liberation Army Air Force (historical)
Number built4,500+ (including JJ-6 trainer)[1]
History
Manufactured1958–1986
Introduction date29 April 1962 (1964, practical type)
First flight30 September 1959
RetiredLate 1990s (China)
Mid-2002 (Pakistan)
Developed fromMikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19
Developed intoNanchang Q-5

The Shenyang J-6 (Chinese: 歼-6; designated F-6 for export versions; NATO reporting name: Farmer) is the Chinese-built version of the Soviet MiG-19 'Farmer' fighter aircraft, the world's first mass-produced supersonic aircraft.[1]

Design and development

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Rear twin engine exhaust nozzles

Although the MiG-19 had a comparatively short life in Soviet service, the Chinese came to value its agility, turning performance, and powerful cannon armament, and produced it for their own use between 1958 and 1981. While the basic Soviet-built MiG-19 has been retired from all nations, the Shenyang J-6 still flies for nine of its original 15 operators, however, in a very limited capacity. The J-6 airframe contributed to the Chinese ground attack version, the Q-5, which still flies for numerous nations.

The J-6 was considered "disposable" and was intended to be operated for only 100 flight hours (or approximately 100 sorties) before being overhauled. The Pakistan Air Force was often able to extend this to 130 hours with diligent maintenance.[2]

A number of J-6 based at Lianchen and Yantan-li bases appeared to have been converted into unmanned aircraft.[3] Work on unmanned J-6 was first reported in 2013.[4]

Description

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BAF FT-6's Wopen WP-6A turbojet engines on display at Bangabandhu Military Museum, Bangladesh

The J-6 has a maximum speed at altitude of 1,540 km/h (960 mph), Mach 1.45. Service ceiling is 17,900 m (58,700 ft). Combat radius with two drop tanks is about 640 km (400 mi). The aircraft is powered by two Liming Wopen-6A (Tumansky R-9) turbojet engines. In addition to the internal cannon armament, most have provision for four wing pylons for up to 250 kg (550 lb) each, with a maximum ordnance load of 500 kg (1,100 lb). Typical stores include unguided bombs, 55 mm rocket pods, or PL-2/PL-5 (Chinese versions of Soviet K-13) air-to-air missiles.

Operational history

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Albania

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Albanian Air Force J-6s replaced the J-5s on the border to intercept Yugoslav incursions into Albanian airspace. However, the J-6 was ineffective against the faster Yugoslav MiG-21 'Fishbed'. Once the F-7A became available, the J-6 was redeployed to protect Tirana. As of 2005 all Albanian fighters were grounded due to a lack of spare parts.

Pakistan

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A retired Pakistani F-6 on display.

Between 1965–1980, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) received 260 F-6 fighters which went on to serve with 10 PAF squadrons at various times. During their service, Pakistani F-6s also underwent 140 modifications at the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex to improve its capabilities in the interceptor and close air support roles. These modifications included installation of Martin-Baker ejection seats, gun cameras, western avionics, AIM-9B/J/P missiles, French 68mm SNEB rockets, underbelly gondola-style fuel tanks and a special ground power unit, to quickly start the engines and shorten scramble time.[5][6][7]

1971 Indo-Pakistani War

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PAF Pilots from the No. 25 Squadron with a Shenyang F-6 in 1968

When the 1971 War broke out, the PAF had operationalized three F-6 squadrons which were the No. 11, No. 23 & No. 25 Squadrons. The F-6s of these squadrons collectively flew 945 sorties out of which 834 were combat ones.[5][6][7]

Air to Air Combat
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Throughout the war, the F-6 flew 650 Air Defence sorties in which they shot down approximately 8 Indian warplanes while damaging 2 more.[5][8]

On 4 December 1971, Flight Lieutenant Javaid Latif of the No. 23 Squadron shot down an Su-7 over Risalewala Airfield while Flying Officer Qazi Javed of the No. 25 Squadron shot down a Hawker Hunter over Mianwali Airfield.[7][6]

On 5 December 1971, Wing Commander Saad Hatmi (the Officer Commanding of the No. 25 Squadron) and his wingman Flight Lt. Shahid Raza shot down 2 Indian Hunters near Sakesar.[6][7]

On 7 December 1971, Flight Lt. Atiq Sufi of the No. 11 Squadron shot down an Su-7 near Samba.[6][7]

On 8 December 1971, Wing Commander Hashmi shot down a Su-7 which was attacking the Risalewala Airfield.[9][6][7]

On 14 December 1971, Flight Lieutenant Amir Sharif of No. 11 Squadron claimed to have shot down a superior IAF MiG-21 over Shakargarh.[10][7][11]

Ground Attack
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Moreover, the F-6 flew 184 Ground Attack sorties where their 3 x 30 mm guns and 57 mm S-5 rockets were particularly effective against Indian armour, military vehicles, bunkers, and troop concentrations. Their Close Air Support missions at Shakargarh were the most successful.[12][13][5]

At the end of the war, the PAF had lost two F-6s to ground fire while losing one F-6 to an Indian Su-7. An F-6 was also lost to friendly fire.[14][8]

Some notable Pakistani F-6 pilots are Mushaf Ali Mir who later became the PAF's Chief, Wajid Ali Khan who was taken as a POW after being shot down by Indian AAA, he later became a Member of the Parliament in Canada and Syed Manzoor ul Hassan Hashmi. The single-seat F-6 was retired from the Pakistan Air Force in 2002 and replaced with the Chengdu F-7P/PG aircraft.[5][7]

Vietnam War

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The supersonic speed advantage provided by the MiG-21's more modern turbojet engine was found to be not as useful in combat as originally thought, because aerial dogfights at the time were conducted almost entirely at subsonic speeds. The J-6 (and hence the MiG-19 too) was found to be more manoeuvrable than the MiG-21 and, although slower, its acceleration during dogfights was considered adequate. The North Vietnamese Air Force fielded at least one unit of J-6s during the war, the 925th Fighter Regiment, beginning in 1969.[15]

Somalia

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Somalia ordered at least eleven F-6Cs and two FT-6s in 1979.[16] Deliveries started in 1980.[17] They were used during border skirmishes with Ethiopia in 1981, and they also saw combat during the Somali Rebellion, in the second half of the 1980s and until 1991.[18]

Sudan

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Twelve F-6 fighters and two FT-6 trainers were reportedly delivered to the Sudanese Air Force, starting in 1973. Moreover, twelve F-6Cs were delivered between 1981 and 1983. Another batch of twelve F-6Cs might have been acquired in 1990, as well as two FT-6s in 2001.[19] Sudanese F-6s participated in the Second Sudanese Civil War, from the 1980s to the early 1990s.[20] One F-6 was claimed shot down by the rebels in 1988, and two more in the autumn of 1991.[21]

Uganda-Tanzania War

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The Tanzania Air Force Command received its first batch of twelve F-6s starting in June 1973.[22] An additional twelve F-6Cs and up to four FT-6s were also delivered in 1982.[23] Tanzanian F-6s participated in the 1978–1979 Uganda-Tanzania War. However, they aren't known to have been involved in any air-to-air combats.[24]

Zambia

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Twelve F-6s were delivered to the Zambian Air Force, probably between 1976 and 1978.[25] On 8 June 1980, Zambian F-6s intercepted and shot down an Angolan Yakovlev Yak-40, under unknown circumstances.[26]

Kampuchea-Vietnam War

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Shenyang J-6 fighter at Vietnamese People's Air Force Museum, Hanoi

In the era of Khmer Rouge control of Cambodia (1975–1979), Chinese-supplied Khmer J-6s participated in Kampuchea-Vietnamese border clashes for ground attacks. During the Vietnamese invasion in 1978, the Cambodian aircraft were reluctant to take-off to intercept the Vietnamese ones, thus the Vietnamese captured a number of J-6s and put them on public display.

Iran–Iraq War

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During the 1980–88 Iran–Iraq War, both sides deployed J-6 fighter jets. Documents from the US Defense Intelligence Agency released under the Freedom of Information Act (United States) on Chinese arms sales to Iran reveal that between 1980 and 1987 China delivered 100 J-6 fighter jets to Iran.[27] Iraq's J-6 fighters were transferred from the Egyptian Air Force. Most missions J-6s performed during the Iran-Iraq War were air-to-ground attack.[28]

Variants

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Mass production type

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F-6A
F-6B
Two-seat FT-6
  • Shenyang J-6 – (a.k.a. Type 59, Dongfeng-102, Product 47 and F-6) Despite having no suffix to the designation, the J-6 appeared after the initial production of the J-6A had begun. The J-6 was equivalent, but not identical, to the MiG-19S.[1]
  • Shenyang J-6A – Production of the J-6 restarted after new assembly jigs, and other assistance, acquired from the USSR. Similar to MiG-19PF, an all-weather radar-equipped interceptor with two NR-30 30mm cannon. Exported as the F-6A.[1]
  • J-6B – (a.k.a. Type 59B, Dongfeng-105 and Jianjiji-6 Yi) Similar to MiG-19PM "Farmer-D", interceptor with two PL-1 (Chinese version of Soviet K-5 (AA-1 'Alkali') beam-riding air-to-air missiles; it is unclear if the J-6B retains its cannon. Only 19 J-6Bs were built by Nanchang Aircraft Mfg. Co. before the programme was terminated.[1]
  • J-6C – (a.k.a. Jianjiji-6 Bing, Product 55 and F-6C) Day fighter version with three 30mm cannons and braking parachute at the base of the rudder.[1] This cannon's codename is Type 30-1.[29]
  • Shenyang J-6D – Advanced version of the J-6A with radome on the splitter plate (rather than the shock cone centerbody) for a Chinese-made radar. May also have been designated J-6 Xin.[1] Another name is "J-6III". The name D-type was coined as a piggyback.
  • Shenyang/Tianjin JJ-6 – (Jianjiji Jiaolianji – fighter trainer, a.k.a. Product 48 and FT-6) Chinese designed two-seat trainer, stretched 84 cm (33.1 in) to accommodate second seat, armed with one 30 mm cannon.[1]
  • Shenyang JZ-6 – (Jianjiji Zhenchaji – reconnaissance fighter) Dedicated reconnaissance version with fuselage camera pack replacing cannon. As of April 2006, it was reported that the PLAAF 3rd Reconnaissance Regiment, 26 Air Division based in Nanjing MR, is the last regiment to actively fly the JZ-6 refusing to convert to JZ-8F.[30] Exported as the Shenyang FR-6.
  • Guizhou J-6A – J-6A aircraft upgraded to carry two PL-2 (Pi Li – Thunderbolt) infrared-homing air-to-air missiles. The first flight was on 21 December 1975.
  • J-6W - target drone variant,[31] first reported in 2013.[4]

Prototype machine (including unfinished)

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  • Shenyang J-6A – (a.k.a. Type 59A, Dongfeng-103, Jianjiji-6 Jia) – Early production from 1958 to 1960 was sub-standard and not accepted by the PLAAF. Production was halted, the jigs scrapped, and production restarted with assistance from the USSR. The J-6A was equivalent to the MiG-19P. The maiden flight was made by Wang Shuhuai on 17 December 1958. Only around 100 aircraft from this version were produced. It was reported that the J-6A never actually passed the PLAAF's tests. The planes were of little operational value and suffered from quality issues, flight characteristics were much lower than those of the J-6.[1]
  • Shenyang J-6I – Single-seat day-fighter prototype with fixed shock cone on the intake splitter plate.[1]
  • Shenyang J-6II – Single-seat tactical fighter prototype with adjustable shock cone on a raked back intake splitter plate.[1]
  • Shenyang/Tianjin JJ-6 Testbed – Ejection seat testbed that succeeded H-5 ejection seat testbed.[1]
  • Xian BW-1 – Fly-by-wire flying controls test-bed for the Xian JH-7 flying control system.[1]

Operators

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Shenyang J-6 Operators 2010:
  Current
  Former

Current

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 Myanmar
 North Korea
 Pakistan
 Sudan
 Tanzania
 Zambia

Former

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Pakistani Shenyang F-6 on display at Karachi Air Museum
An Albanian Shenyang J-6C in Kucova Airbase.
Egyptian Air Force personnel inspect an Egyptian F-6
Bangladesh Air Force F-6 inflight
 Albania
  • Albanian Air Force – 71 F-6 and FT-6 delivered between 1965 and 1971 partly in exchange for MiG-19PMs,[38] retired in 2005.[39] As of 2019, some remain in storage[40]
 Bangladesh
 China
 Democratic Kampuchea
 Egypt
  • Egyptian Air Force – 40 delivered by China in exchange for MiG-23s in 1979. Between 1982 and 1983, a further 50 were delivered. This second batch was assembled in Egypt.[38] 44 F-6 and FT-6 were in service in 2011[43]
 Iran
  • Iranian Air Force − At least 16 were delivered between 1982 and 1984. According to SIPRI, the total number of aircraft delivered could be 22 or 25[38]
 Iraq
 Somalia
  • Somali Air Force – At least 30 delivered between 1980 and 1981. According to SIPRI, the total number of aircraft delivered could be up to 50.[38] Somali F-6s were dumped and destroyed in the years following the disintegration of the SAC in 1991[45]
 Vietnam

Specifications (J-6)

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The nose of an F-6, showing the 30 mm cannons fitted in the right wing root and the lower body.

Data from Chinese aircraft : China's aviation industry since 1951,[46] Combat aircraft since 1945[47]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1 (JJ-6 trainer – 2)
  • Length: 14.64 m (48 ft 0 in) (variants with nose pitot probe)
12.54 m (41.1 ft) (variants without nose pitot probe)
  • Wingspan: 9 m (29 ft 6 in)
  • Height: 3.885 m (12 ft 9 in)
  • Wing area: 25.16 m2 (270.8 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 5,172 kg (11,402 lb) to 5,447 kg (12,009 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 7,560 kg (16,667 lb) clean
8,662 kg (19,096 lb) with drop tanks
8,832 kg (19,471 lb) with drop tanks and rocket pods
  • Fuel capacity: 1,735–1,800 kg (3,825–3,968 lb) internal
2,796 kg (6,164 lb) with drop tanks

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 1,540 km/h (960 mph, 830 kn)
  • Maximum speed: Mach 1.3
  • Range: 1,400 km (870 mi, 760 nmi)
  • Combat range: 640 km (400 mi, 350 nmi)
  • Ferry range: 2,200 km (1,400 mi, 1,200 nmi) with drop tanks
  • Endurance: 1 hour 43 minutes clean
2 hours 38 minutes with drop tanks
  • Service ceiling: 15,800 m (51,800 ft) at military power
17,500–17,900 m (57,400–58,700 ft) with full afterburner
  • Rate of climb: 180 m/s (35,000 ft/min)
  • Take-off run: 900 m (3,000 ft) at full military power
515 m (1,690 ft) with full afterburner
  • Landing run: 610 m (2,000 ft) with brake parachute
890 m (2,920 ft) without brake parachute

Armament

  • 3x 30 mm NR-30 cannons (70 rounds per gun for wing guns, 55 rounds for fuselage gun)
  • Up to 250 kg (550 lb) of unguided bombs or rocket pods or PL-2/PL-5 (Chinese versions of Soviet K-13 (NATO AA-2 'Atoll') and AIM-9 (for Pakistani F-6s only) air-to-air missiles on 4 underwing pylons

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Gordon, Yefim & Komissarov, Dmitry. Chinese Aircraft. Hikoki Publications. Manchester. 2008. ISBN 978-1-902109-04-6
  2. ^ Yeager and Janos 1986, p. 396.
  3. ^ Yeo, Mike (20 October 2021). "China shows off drones recycled from Soviet-era fighter jets". Defense News. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  4. ^ a b Yeo, Mike (20 October 2021). "China shows off drones recycled from Soviet-era fighter jets". defensenews.com. Defense News. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e AVM (R) Ikramullah Bhatti (27 July 2020). "Faithful Warrior". Second To None. Directorate of Media Affairs Pakistan Air Force. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Group Captain Sultan M Hali. "F-6 Aircraft of Pakistan Air Force". Defence Journal. Archived from the original on 27 October 2000. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Air Commodore Qadeer Ahmad Hashmi. "Final Salute to F-6". DefenceJournal.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2003.
  8. ^ a b "Trauma & Reconstruction (1971-1980)". Pakistan Air Force. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  9. ^ "F-6 Vs SU-7". PAF Over the Years (Revised ed.). Pakistan: Directorate of Media Affairs, Pakistan Air Force. June 2007. p. 73.
  10. ^ "BBC Interview of Flight Lt. Amir Sharif". Facebook.
  11. ^ "PAF Air to Air kills (1971 War)". PakDef.info. Archived from the original on 5 June 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  12. ^ Kaiser Tufail (14 April 2010). "Air Support in Shakargarh – 1971 War". AERONAUT.
  13. ^ Kaiser Tufail (10 August 2019). "1971 Air War Assessed". Defence Journal.
  14. ^ "PAF Aircraft losses (1971 War)". PakDef.info. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  15. ^ Toperczer, Istvan. MiG-17 and MiG-19 Units of the Vietnam War. 2001, Osprey Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-84176-162-1
  16. ^ Cooper et al. 2011, pp. 99, 107
  17. ^ Cooper et al. 2011, p. 97
  18. ^ Cooper et al. 2011, pp. 107, 110
  19. ^ Cooper et al. 2011, p. 116
  20. ^ Cooper et al. 2011, pp. 133, 135
  21. ^ Cooper et al. 2011, pp. 135, 153
  22. ^ Cooper et al. 2011, p. 161
  23. ^ Cooper et al. 2011, pp. 161, 165–166
  24. ^ Cooper et al. 2011, p. 167
  25. ^ Cooper et al. 2011, p. 200
  26. ^ Cooper et al. 2011, p. 204
  27. ^ "Defense Intelligence Agency > FOIA > FOIA Electronic Reading Room > FOIA Reading Room: China". Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  28. ^ "J-6 Fighter Jets in wars". AirForceWorld.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  29. ^ "J6 fighter jet ammunition". AirForceWorld.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  30. ^ "China Defense Blog". Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2006.
  31. ^ Reed, John. "Meet China's new-old killer drones". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  32. ^ Hoyle 2023, p. 24.
  33. ^ Hoyle 2023, p. 25.
  34. ^ Hoyle 2023, p. 26.
  35. ^ Hoyle 2023, p. 30.
  36. ^ Hoyle 2023, p. 31.
  37. ^ Hoyle 2023, p. 34.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g "Arms transfer database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
  39. ^ Koleka, Benet (12 October 2018). "Albania's graveyard of MiGs to become NATO air base". Reuters. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
  40. ^ Mizokami, Kyle (1 April 2019). "Albania's Ghost Air Force Is Up for Sale, But It Doesn't Look So Good". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
  41. ^ Hoyle and Fafard Flight International 10–16 December 2019, p. 35
  42. ^ Hoyle and Fafard Flight International 10–16 December 2019, p. 36
  43. ^ Wragg 2011, p. 112.
  44. ^ Cordesman 2003, p. 24.
  45. ^ Cooper et al. 2011, p. 110
  46. ^ Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitry (2008). Chinese aircraft : China's aviation industry since 1951 (1st ed.). Manchester: Hikoki Publications. pp. 31–47. ISBN 978-1-902109-04-6.
  47. ^ Wilson, Stewart (2000). Combat aircraft since 1945. Fyshwick: Aerospace Publications. p. 125. ISBN 1-875671-50-1.

Bibliography

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